Franklin  Institute  Library 

PHILADELPHIA 


Class  . & <?  X -' -2-  BookSL...llA 

3315 

Accession  A5.TJ.A.T].... 

REFERENCE 

GIVEN  BY 


. CL  wcrt/jo 


THE  DYESTUFFS 

FOR 

PAPER  DYEING 


CASSELLA  COLOR  COMPANY 

182  AND  184  FRONT  STREET 

NEW  YORK 

BOSTON:  39  OLIVER  STREET 

PHILADELPHIA:  126  and  128  SOUTH  FRONT  STREET 
PROVIDENCE:  64  EXCHANGE  PLACE 
ATLANTA:  47  NORTH  PRYOR  STREET 
MONTREAL:  CANADA,  59  WILLIAM  STREET 


No.  3313. 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


PREFACE. 


The  continually  increasing  demands  of  the  paper  industry 
have  induced  us  to  describe  in  this  present  book  our  dyestuffs 
which  come  mainly  into  consideration  for  paper  dyeing.  The 
first  part  of  the  book  contains  principally  a tabulation  of  the 
properties  and  particulars  of  the  application  of  these  dyestuffs, 
and  in  the  second  part  the  production  of  coloured  papers  with 
our  dyestuffs  is  described  and  illustrated  at  hand  of  numerous 
patterns  obtained  from  practice. 

The  classification  of  the  products  in  accordance  with  their 
degree  of  fastness,  as  well  as  the  particulars  regarding  the 
staining  of  the  back  waters,  are  based  on  reliable  tests  and 
many  years'  practical  experience,  and  may  thus  serve  as  a useful 
guide  for  the  application  of  the  dyestuffs. 

In  the  Appendix  a description  of  the  most  important 
chemicals  will  be  found. 

We  trust  that  this  carefully  compiled  book  will  prove  useful 
to  the  paper  manufacturers,  and  request  our  friends  to  continue 
to  assist  us  as  heretofore  with  their  kind  suggestions  which  may 
prove  useful  in  future  editions  of  this  book. 

NEW  YORK,  September  1911. 

CASSELLA  COLOR  COMPANY. 


WOY\ 


I.  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

I.  Dyeing-  of  Paper  Pulp 1 — 87 

Properties  and  Application  of  the 

Dyestuffs 1 — 53 

A.  Acid  Colours 2 — 13 

B.  Eosine  Colours 14 — 17 

C.  Basic  Colours 18 — 31 

D.  Diamine  Colours 32 — 51 

Dyeing  with  Combinations  of  Dyestuffs  belonging  to  different 

Groups 52 — 53 

Special  Part.  Papers  dyed  in  the  Pulp 55 — 87 

Mottled  Paper 57 

Dyeing  of  Vegetable  Mottling  Fibre 57 

Dyeing  of  Mottling  Fibre  composed  of  Wool  and  Half-Wool  58 

Blotting  Paper 58 

White  Writing  and  Printing  Paper 59 

Paper  for  Posters  and  Prospectuses  and  Wrapping  Paper  60 

Envelope  Paper  60 

Art  Covers,  Catalogue  Covers 61 

Paper  for  Needle  Wrappers 62 

Packing  Paper 62 

Wall-Paper 63 

Patterns  of  Coloured  Papers 64 — 87 

Mottled  Paper 64 — 65 

Blotting  Paper 66 — 67 

Mottled  Blotting  Paper 68 — 69 

Paper  for  Posters  and  Prospectuses  and  Wrapping  Paper  . 70—71 

Envelope  Paper 72 — 73 

Mottled  Envelope  Paper 74 — 75 

Art  Covers  (Catalogue  Covers) 76 — 79 

Ditto  (Mottled) 80 — 81 

Packing  Paper 82 — 83 

Brown  Wood  Packing  Paper 84 — 85 

Wall-Paper 86—87 


PAGE 

II.  Dyeing  Paper  in  Sheets 89  — 98 

Dyeing  Tissue  Paper  and  Crape  Paper  by  the  Dipping 

Process 91 

Dyeing  Blotting  Paper  by  the  Dipping  Process  ....  92 

Face-Dyeing  of  Paper  in  Sheets  (Wallpapers,  Ingrain 

Papers)  by  Staining 92 

Dyestuffs  for  Wallpapers  and  Stained  Papers 94 

Acid  Colours 94 

Basic  Colours 95 

Diamine  Colours 96 

Eosine  Colours 96 

Immedial  Colours  97 

Parauitraniline  Bed  and  Nitrotoluidine  Orange 98 

Appendix 99 — 117 

Raw  Materials  used  generally  in  Paper  Manufacture,  and 

their  Suitability  for  the  Production  of  Coloured  Papers  101 

1)  Ligneous  Fibre:  Wood  Pulp,  Jute 101 

2)  Cellulose  (Pine  Wood,  Leaved  Wood,  Straw,  Esparto, 

Jute,  and  Manila  Cellulose) 101 

3)  Rags  (Flax,  Hemp,  Cotton) 101 

Filling  Substances 102 

Beating 103 

Glazing 103 

Sizing 103 

Mill-Water  and  the  Customary  Chemicals 104 — 112 

Mill- Water 104 

Alum  105 

Aluminium  Sulphate  or  Sulphate  of  Alumina 105 

Aluminium  Acetate  or  Acetate  of  Alumina 105 

Sulphuric  Acid 106 

Acetic  Acid 107 

Soda,  Sodium  Carbonate,  Carbonate  of  Soda 107 

Glauber’s  Salt,  Sodium  Sulphate,  or  Sulphate  of  Soda  . 108 

Common  Salt,  Sodium  Chloride  (Rock  Salt) 109 

Sodium  Acetate  or  Acetate  of  Soda 109 

Sodium  Nitrite  or  Nitrite  of  Soda.  Nitrite 109 

Copper  Sulphate,  Cupric  Sulphate  or  Sulphate  of  Copper. 

Bluestone.  Blue  Vitriol 109 

Copperas  or  Green  Vitriol.  Ferrous  Sulphate 110 

Lead  Acetate  or  Acetate  of  Lead.  Sugar  of  Lead  ....  110 

Lead  Nitrate  or  Nitrate  of  Lead 110 

Barium  Chloride 110 

Tartar  Emetic 110 

Bleaching  Powder  or  Chloride  of  Lime.  Calcium  Hypochlorite  111 

Tannic  Acid  (Tannin) Ill 

Sumac Ill 

Green  Earth 112 

Hydrometer  Tables 113 — 114 

Thermometer  Tables 115 

Weights  and  Measures 116 — 117 


I. 


DYEING  OF  PAPER  PULP. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016  with  funding  from 
Getty  Research  Institute 


https://archive.org/details/dyestuffsforpapeOOcass 


The  following  groups  of  dyestuffs  come  into  consideration  for 
the  dyeing  of  paper  pulp: 


A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 


Acid  Colours 
Eosine  Colours 
Basic  Colours 
and 

Diamine  Colours 


which  are  used  for  sized  papers, 


which  are  used  for  both  sized  and  unsized 
papers  and  for  mottling  fibre. 


In  the  following  tables  the  properties  and  degrees  of  fastness 
in  various  respects  of  the  individual  dyestuffs  are  given,  the  classifi- 
cation resting  on  the  following  basis: 


In  fastness  to  light  and  atmospheric  influences,  the  figure  “I” 
denotes  the  lowest,  figure  “IV”  the  highest  degree  of  fastness.  The 
standard  used  for  this  classification  is  that  the  figure  “I”  denotes  the 
fastness  to  light  and  atmospheric  influences  of  Magenta,  and  figure 
“IV”  that  of  Brilliant  Croceine. 


The  fastness  to  alkalies  is  intended  to  denote  the  degree  of 
resistance  of  the  dyestuffs  to  alkaline  influences,  such  as  come  into 
consideration  for  instance  for  wrapping  paper  used  for  alkaline 
substances  (soap,  soda,  borax,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  etc.)  or  for  wall- 
papers (action  of  the  lime  in  walls  or  of  alkaline  paste) . 

The  notes  regarding  fastness  to  alum  and  acids  indicate  the 
resistance  of  the  dyestuffs  to  any  large  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina 
used  in  the  sizing,  or  to  acid  which  may  be  contained  in  the  sulphate 
of  alumina,  or  to  any  acid  brought  subsequently  into  contact  with 
the  paper  (e.  g.  in  pasting  with  acid  paste). 

The  notes  regarding  the  colouration  of  the  waste  waters  are  the 
result  of  observations  made  in  the  manufacture  of  sized  papers. 


1 


1 


A.  ACID  COLOURS. 


Acid  Colours  are  easily  soluble  as  a rule,  and  generally  possess 
good  fastness  to  light. 

They  do  not  show  any  special  affinity  for  the  pure  vegetable 
fibre,  that  is  to'  say,  fibre  freed  from  any  incrustating  substances,  and 
they  have  therefore  to  be  well  fixed  by  a thorough  sizing,  especially 
when  dyeing  deep  shades. 

The  very  slight  affinity  of  Acid  Colours  for  pure  vegetable  fibre 
renders  them  very  suitable  for  the  dyeing  of  papers  containing  a large 
amount  of  wood  pulp,  because  it  is  here  a question  more  of  surface- 
dyeing, by  reason  of  which  the  sheet  of  paper  produced  from  mixed 
materials  assumes  a very  uniform,  level  appearance. 

Method  of  Dyeing: 

Dissolve  the  dyestuffs  in  boiling  hot  water  (condensed  water  for 
preference),  adding  the  solution  to  the  pulp  in  the  beater.  When 
thoroughly  mixed  therein,  the  resin  size  is  added,  and  then  the 
sulphate  of  alumina,  the  latter  considerably  in  excess.  Only  with 
Tropaeoline  G (Metanil  Yellow  cone.)  an  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina 
must  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible,  else  the  shade  is  impaired. 

With  some  blue  Acid  Colours  (Alkaline  Blue,  Pure  Soluble 
Blue,  Water  Blue)  which  are  only  developed  fully  on  acidified  material, 
it  is  an  advantage  to  add  a slight  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  to  the 
material  in  the  beater.  The  acid  is  adequately  diluted  with  cold  water, 
and  added  after  the  pulp  has  been  well  mixed  with  the  colour  solution. 


2 


Raw  material  used  for  the  patterns  produced  with  Acid  Colours 
as  shown  in  the  following  pages: 

50%  wood  pulp  and 
50%  sulphite  pulp. 


3 


A.cid 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to  Fastness  to 
Light  Alkalies 


China  Yellow  B 


0.5°/o 


2 o/o 


Indian  Yellow  G 


0.5°/o 


2 o/o 


III -IV. 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  2. 


III. 


Good. 


Good. 


Tropaeoline  G (Metanil  Yellow  cone.) 


0.5% 


II  2 % 


As  described  on 
page  2.  An  excess 
of  sulphate  of 
alumina  must  be 
avoided. 


III. 


Very  good. 


Orange  II 


0.5% 


2 o/o 


Orange  R 


0.5% 


2 o/o 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  2. 


III. 


II  - III. 


Very  good. 


Very  good. 


4 


Colomrs. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  do  not 
change  the  shade. 

Slightly  coloured  in 
the  case  of  light 
shades,  somewhat 
more  so  in  the  case 
of  deep  shades. 

China  Yellow  B is  used  as  a substitute  for  Chrome 
yellow  (mostly  in  combination  with  Diamine  Yellow  KCP), 
and  as  a shading  product  for  clear  yellow  tones. 

1.  Slightly  dulled  by 
larger  amounts  of 

sulphate  of  alumina. 

2.  Dulled  somewhat 

by  free  acid. 

Same  as 
China  Yellow  B. 

(See  above). 

Indian  Yellow  G in  combination  with  Auramine  is 
often  used  for  dyeing  yellow  papers  for  posters  and 
book-covers. 

1.  Turns  red  even 
if  a slight  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina  is 
used,  especially  when 
passing  the  drying 
cylinders. 

2.  The  presence  even 
of  traces  of  free  acid 
alters  the  shade 
towards  red. 

Same  as 
China  Yellow  B. 

(See  above). 

Tropaeoline  G is  one  of  the  Yellows  most  used, 
and  is  chiefly  applied  for  the  dyeing  of  papers  for  posters, 
prospectuses  and  book-covers,  also  for  shading  packing 
papers.  As  however  the  Metanil  Yellows  are  all  dulled 
by  the  action  of  a slight  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina, 
and  turn  slightly  red  when  the  hot  drying  cylinders  are 
passed,  they  are  frequently  substituted  by  Paper  Yellow 
or  Diamine  Fast  Yellow  which  are  faster  to  acids  and 
hot  pressing.  See  pages  36  and  37. 

1.  Very  good. 

1.  Acids  change  the 
shade  hardly 
perceptibly. 

Same  as 

China  Yellow  B. 
(See  above). 

Orange  11  is  used  for  the  dyeing  of  bright  orange 
shades,  and,  in  combination  with  Brilliant  Croce'ine  or 
Safranine,  for  fiery  Reds. 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  do  not 
change  the  shade. 

Colourless. 

Orange  R is  used  in  the  same  way  as  Orange  II, 
but  yields  much  brighter  and  fuller  shades  than  the  latter. 
It  also  does  not  colour  the  waste  water  so  much.  In 
combination  with  Rosaze'ine  or  Irisamine,  Orange  R yields 
full  reds,  the  back  waters  being  colourless. 

5 


Acid 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Brilliant  Crocei'ne  R00 


Brilliant  Crocei'ne  BOO 


1 °/o 


Brilliant  Crocei'ne  MOO 


i% 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  2. 

Strong  sizing 
diminishes  the 
colouration  of  the 
waste  waters. 


IV. 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Good. 


Brilliant  Crocei'ne  PA 


Paper  Brilliant  Scarlet  R 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  2. 


III.  Good. 


II.  Good. 


6 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Very  good. 

1 2.  Free  acids  turn 

the  shade  slightly 
bluer. 

Slightly  coloured, 
especially  in  deep 
shades. 

The  Brilliant  Croceines  are  distinguished  by  their 
very  good  fastness  to  light  and  good  fastness  to  alkalies 
and  acids.  On  account  of  these  properties  they  are  quite 
generally  used  for  dyeing  wall  papers.  Their  level-dyeing 
of  mixed  pulps  is  another  property  worth  special  mention. 
Owing  to  their  bright  shade  they  are  further  used  for 
dyeing  red  paper  for  posters. 

Very  fine,  full  reds  are  produced  with  a combination 
of  Brilliant  Croce'ine  and  Safranine  (see  pages  24  and  52); 
the  back  ivaters  are  in  this  case  hardly  coloured  at  all. 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  turn  the 
shade  somewhat 
bluer. 

Back  waters  are 
slightly  coloured 
when  dyeing  deep  and 
medium  shades. 

Serves  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  Brilliant 
Croce'ines,  and  offers  the  advantage  that  its  dyeings  are 
faster  to  water,  and  that  the  back  waters  are  coloured 
still  less- 

X.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  hardly  affect 
the  shade. 

Colourless. 

Is  used  for  dyeing  papers  for  posters  and  book-covers 
when  importance  is  attached  to  obtaining  colourless  back 
waters  and  very  bi  ight  shades. 

7 


Acid 


Method  of 

Fastness  to 

Fastness  to 

Dyeing 

Light 

Alkalies 

l°/o 


4 °/o 


l°/o 


4«/o 


1% 


40/0 


l°/o 


30/0 


l°/o 


30/0 


Normal,  as 
( indicated  on 
page  2. 


IV. 


Good. 


II.  Good. 


III.  Good. 


8 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Very  goad. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  just  a trace 
more  bluish. 

Slightly  coloured  in 
• light,  more 

so  in  deep,  shades. 

Brilliant  Croceine  5 K and  7B  behave  generally  like 
Brilliant  Croce'ine  MOO.  They  likewise  possess  excellent 
fastness  to  light  and  good  fastness  to  alkalies  and  acids, 
and  are  used  for  more  bluish  reds  for  wallpapers  and 
book-cover  papers,  also  in  combination  with  Blue  for 
toning  white  papers. 

The  “6B”  brand  stands  in  shade  between  the  “5B” 
and  U7B”. 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  do  not 
change  the  shade. 

Colourless  in  medium 
shades,  slightly 
coloured 
in  deep  shades. 

Is  used  for  producing  more  covered  reds,  especially 
for  cheap  book-cover  and  packing  papers. 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  do  not 
change  the  shade. 

Same  as  Roccelline. 
(See  above). 

Scarlet  EC  is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  Roccelline, 
over  which  it  offers  the  advantage  of  better  fastness  to  light. 

9 


i' 


Acid 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Alkaline  Blue  B 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Pure  Soluble  Blue 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Water  Blue  B 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Paper  Blue  KRB 

0.50/0 

19 

1.5% 

Blue  RRS 

IBHI 

0.5% 

20 

1.5% 

Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Same  as  stated  on 
page  2. 

A rather  large 
excess  of  sulphate 
of  alumina  is 
required  in  order 
to  fully  develop  the 
shade. 

A slight  addition 
of  sulphuric  acid 
has  a very 
favourable  effect 
especially  with 
Alkaline  Blue  and 
Pure  Soluble  Blue. 


III. 


Sensitive 
to  alkalies. 


10 


Colon  rs. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 


Back  Water 


Remarks 


1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
dyeings  considerably 
more  brilliant  and 
somewhat 
more  greenish. 


1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
dyeings  brighter 
and  considerably 
more  greenish. 


Alkaline  Blue  yields  very  bright  blue  shades,  and 
is  used  for  the  production  o f such  shades  and  for  shading 
Diamine  Fast  Blue  or  Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF.  It  is 
further  used  for  toning  better-class  writing  paper  and 
paper  used  in  printing. 

Alkaline  Blue  B possesses  the  medium  shade,  the  2 B , 
3B,  4B,  5B,  6B  are  more  greenish,  the  R,  2R  and  3R 
more  reddish  than  the  “B"  brand. 


Light  shades  yield 
colourless  waste 
waters,  those  of 
medium  shades  are 
slightly  coloured, 
those  of  heavy 
shades  more  so. 


Pure  Soluble  Blue  has  approximately  the  shade 
and  the  fastness  to  light  of  Alkaline  Blue,  and  is  used  for 
the  same  purposes  as  the  latter. 

Water  Blue  B,  Paper  Blue  KRB  and  Blue  RRS 
are  suited  for  dyeing  more  reddish  shades.  The  two 
last-named  are  used  generally  also  for  the  toning  of  medium 
and  cheap  quality  writing  paper  and  paper  used  in  printing. 


11 


Aeicl 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of  Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Brilliant  Milling  Green  B 


Paper  Steel  Blue  G 


Normal,  as 

indicated  on  1 1, 

page  2. 


Good. 


Resists  the 
II  — HI.  action  of 

weak  alkalies. 


Nerazine  G 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  2. 


Naphtol  Black  B 


III -IV. 


Good. 


II  — III. 


Good. 


Ill -IV. 


Good. 


12 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  turn  the 
shade  a little  more 
yellowish. 

Light  shades  yield 
colourless  back 
waters;  medium 
shades  slain  them 
slightly,  and  deep 
shades  more  so. 

Serves  chiefly  for  shading  bright  Blues  Offers  over 
the  basic  greens  the  advantage  of  being  faster  to  light, 
and  dyeing  mixed  pulps  more  evenly. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  brighten  the 
shade  somewhat, 
turning  it  but  very 
slightly  towards  green. 

Paper  Steel  Blue  G is  used  for  the  dyeing  of  book- 
cover  and  packing  paper. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  turn  the 
shade  a little  more 
purplish. 

Nerazine  G possesses  good  fastness  to  light  and 
alkalies.  It  serves  for  producing  grey  shades  on  paper 
used  for  envelopes  and  covers. 

The  “BR”  is  more  bluish  than  the  “G”  brand, 
otherwise  possessing  the  same  properties. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  turn  the 
shade  just  a trace 
more  bluish. 

Naphtylamine  Black  4B  is  used  for  the  production 
of  grey  shades  for  cheap  papers,  and  also  for  saddening. 

1.  Good 

2.  Acids  turn  the 
shade  just  a trace 
more  bluish. 

Naphtol  Black  B yields  shades  fast  to  light,  and  is 
used  principally  for  saddening  fast  shades. 

13 


B.  EOSINE  COLOURS. 


The  Eosinefe  are  easily  soluble,  and  are  noted  for  their  brilliant 
red  shades.  Their  fastness  to  light  is  however  not  so  very  good,  and 
consequently  they  are  usually  only  employed  for  the  brightening  of 
brilliant  shades.  They  dye  mixed  pulp  evenly. 


Method  of  Dyeing: 

The  dyestuffs  are  dissolved  in  boiling  hot  water  (condensed 
water),  the  solutions  being  added  to  the  pulp  in  the  beater. 

After  mixing  thoroughly,  the  resin  size  is  added,  and  then  the 
sulphate  of  alumina.  As  the  Eosines  are  dulled  by  the  application  of 
even  a slight  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina,  it  is  necessary  to  avoid 
any  surplus  as  far  as  possible,  or  to  substitute  the  sulphate  of  alumina 
either  wholly  or  partially  with  acetate  of  alumina. 

More  brilliant  and  at  the  same  time  more  bluish  shades  are 
obtained  by  an  addition  of  basic  acetate  of  lead.  The  Eosines  are 
moreover  completely  precipitated  by  lead  salts,  and  colourless  back 
waters  are  the  result. 


14 


Raw  material  used  for  the  patterns  produced  with  Eosine 
Colours  as  shown  in  the  following  pages: 

50%  pine  wood  pulp 

50%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp. 


15 


Eosine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 

Eosine  Scarlet  B 

■ 

' 

0.5% 

26 

■ i | 

2 % 

Eosine  3G 

0.5% 

27 

2 % 

Eosine  GGF 

0.5% 

28 

2 % 

Erythrosine  B 

0.5% 

29 

2 % 

Phloxine  749 

0.5% 

30 

2 % 

Method  of  Dyeing 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  14. 


Fastness  to 
Light 


II. 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Good. 


16 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 


1.  Excess  of  sulphate 
of  alumina  or 
2.  free  acid 
dull  the  shade. 


Back  Water 


Remarks 


Eosine  Scarlet  B is  used  for  shading  bright  Reds 
and  for  dyeing  light  shades  of  Pink. 


Eosine  3G  and  GGF  are  applied  for  the  same 
purposes  as  Eosine  Scarlet  B,  in  comparison  to  which 
they  possess  the  advantage  of  greater  brightness. 

Used  in  combination  with  Rosazeine  or  Irisamine, 
fine  shades  of  Red  are  obtained  which  come  mainly  into 
consideration  for  flower  tissue  paper;  the  waste  waters 
in  such  a case  are  colourless. 


Colourless  in  light 
shades,  coloured  in 
deeper  shades. 


Erythrosine  B and  Phloxine  7 49  serve  for  the 
production  of  bluer  shades  of  pink  on  bleached  pulp, 
and  like  the  Eosines  are  used  also  for  the  dyeing  of 
flower  tissue  paper. 


17 


2 


C.  BASIC  COLOURS. 


While  combining  special  brightness  of  shade  and  good  tinc- 
torial power,  the  Basic  Colours  are  not  as  fast  to  light  as  the  Acid 
and  the  Diamine  Colours. 

They  show  great  affinity  for  pure  vegetable  fibre,  which 
property  ensures  a very  good  absorption  of  the  dyestuffs  even  in  the 
case  of  papers  which  are  only  slightly  sized;  on  mixed  pulp  however 
they  are  apt  to  produce  mottled  effects. 

Basic ’dyestuffs  are  mostly  used  for  sized  papers;  in  certain 
cases  they  are  also  used  for  unsized  papers,  hut  it  is  then  usually 
necessary  to  treat  the  pulp  with  some  tannin  matter  in  order  to 
impart  a certain  amount  of  fastness  to  rubbing  and  water. 


Directions  for  Dyeing. 

The  dyestuffs  are  dissolved  in  boiling  hot  water  as  free  from 
lime  as  possible  (condensed  water).  For  dissolving,  they  require 
considerably  more  water  than  the  Acid  Colours.  When  using  cal- 
careous water,  it  is  advisable  to  stir  the  dyestuff  first  to  a paste 
with  some  acetic  acid  (an  equal  weight  or  up  to  twice  that  of  the  dye- 
stuff) and  herafter  to  dissolve  by  pouring  boiling  hot  water  over 
this  paste. 

Auramine  0 and  II  are  dissolved  in  water  at  a temperature  not 
exceeding  80°  C.  or  175°  F. 

The  solutions  after  cooling  off  are  added  in  small  portions  to 
the  material  in  the  beater,  to  best  advantage  while  the  pulp  is 
running  into  the  engine  roll.  The  sizing  is  then  effected  with  resin 
size  and  sulphate  of  alumina.  Any  large  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina 
should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible. 

In  order  to  produce  solid  light  shades  on  mixed  pulp,  it  is  best 
to  add  first  a portion  of  the  sulphate  of  alumina  to  the  beater,  then 
the  dyestuff  solution,  after  which  the  resin  size  is  added  and  finally 
the  remainder  of  the  sulphate  of  alumina. 


18 


Raw  material  used  for  the  patterns  produced  with  Basic  Colours 
as  shown  in  the  following  pages: 

50%  pine-wood  pulp 

50%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp. 


19 


Basic 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 

Method  of 
Dyeing 

Fastness  to 
Light 

Fastness  to 
Alkalies 

Auramine  II 

O.50/0 

page  18. 

In  dissolving,  a 
temperature  of  80° C. 
(1750  F.)  should  not 
be  exceeded. 

I -II. 

Good. 

31 

2 o/o 

Diamond  Phosphine  GG 

0.5°/o 

Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 

I -II. 

Good. 

32 

2 o/o 

Chrysoiidine  AG 

0.5°/o 

As  indicated  on 
page  18. 

A large  excess  of 

I -II. 

Good. 

33 

sulphate  of  alumina 

BHHBI 

2 0/0 

should  be  avoided. 

Bismarck  Brown  EE 

HHHH 

0.5°/o 

34 

IHBHH 

2 o/o 

Same  as  for 

Chysoidine  AG. 
(See  above). 

II. 

Bismarck  Brown  PSE 

O.50/0 

35 

2 0/0 

- 20  — 


Colours . 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

t.  Good. 

2.  Acids  do  not  alter 
the  shade. 

Colourless  in  light 
tones,  slightly  stained 
when  dyeing 
deeper  shades. 

Auramine  is  used  fur  dyeing  bright  greenish  shades 
of  yellow  on  unbleached  material  for  ordinary  paper  for 
posters  and  book-covers.  For  faster  shades  particularly 
on  bleached  material,  a combination  of  China  Yellow  B 
and  Diamine  Yellow  KCP  is  to  be  giveti  the  preference. 

Auramine  0 is  a brand  of  higher  concentration 
possessing  the  like  properties. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  turn  the  shade 
a little  redder. 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 
(See  above). 

Diamond  Phosphine  GG  is  used  for  shading  packing 
paper  and  paper  for  book-covers. 

In  addition  to  the  GG  brand,  the  more  reddish 
Diamond  Phosphine  R is  used. 

1.  Large  amounts  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 
and 

1 2.  acids  render  the 
shade  a little  more 
reddish. 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 
(See  above). 

Chryso'idine  AG  is  used  for  dyeing  and  shading 
cheap  packing  paper  and  paper  for  book-covers. 

Same  as  with 
Chryso'idine  AG. 

(See  above). 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 

(See  above). 

Bismarck  Brown  EE  and  PSE  are  very  well  suited 
for  the  dyeing  of  ordinary  packing  paper  and  paper  for 
book-covers  as  they  go  particularly  well  on  to  unbleached 
material. 

For  better  quality  paper  they  are  mostly  applied  in 
combination  icith  the  faster  Diamine  Brown. 

21 


Basic 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 

Method  of 
Dyeing 

Fastness  to 
Light 

Fastness  to 
Alkalies 

Bismarck  Brown  1 947  J 

o.5°/o 

Same  as  for 
, Chrysoidine  AG. 
(Page  20). 

II. 

Good. 

36 

IHHHi 

2 0/0 

Bismarck  Brown  01793 

hmhhi 

0.5°/o 

2 0/0 

Paper  Brown  2757  J 

! 0.5°/o 

1 

2 0/0 

38 

1 

HHHH 

Brilliant  Green  cryst.  extra 

0.5°/o 

39 

1 .50/0 

Same  as  for 

Resist  only 

I — II. 

(Page  20). 

alkalies. 

Malachite  Green  cone. 

O.50/0 

40 

1.5°/o 

— 22  — 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

Same  as  with 
Chrysoi'dine  AG. 
(Page  21). 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 
(Page  21). 

Bismarck  Brown  1947 J,  01793  and  Paper  Brown 
2757 .J  are  used  for  dyeing  dark  brown  paper  for  book- 
covers.  They  are  very  serviceable  in  combination  with 
Green  for  producing  deep  olive  tones. 

1.  A large  excess 
of  sulphate  of 

alumina  or 

2.  acids  turn  the 
shade  a little  duller 
and  more  yellowish. 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 
(Page  21). 

Brilliant  Green  crystals  extra  and  Malachite  Green 
cone,  are  used  for  the  dyeing  of  cheap  paper  for  posters 
and  book-covers.  In  combination  with  Yellow,  Orange 
or  Brown , yelloioish  green  and  olive  shades  are  obtained. 

In  combination  with  Methyl  Violet  or  Magenta, 
cheap  covered  shades  of  blue  are  produced  on  packing  paper 
and  paper  f or  paper  bags. 

Solid  Green  crystals  0 has  the  shade  of  Malachite 
Green,  and  is  somewhat  stronger  than  the  latter. 

23 


Basic 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of  Fastness  to  Fastness  to 
Dyeing  Light  Alkalies 


Safranine  1245  J 


41 


0.5% 


2 % 


Safranine  B extra  No.  0 


0.5% 


2 % 


Safranine  Q extra  No.  0 


0.5% 


2 % 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


II. 


Good. 


Irisamine  Q 


0.5% 


2 % 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


II. 


Very  good. 


Rosaze'ine  B 


45 


0.5% 


2 o/o 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


Very  good. 


24 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  a little  duller 
and  bluer. 
Safranine  1245  J 
resists  acids  better 
than  G extra  No  0 
and  B extra  No  0. 

Slightly  coloured 
. when  deep  shades 
are  dyed. 

The  Saf ratlines  are  used  very  largely  in  the  paper 
industry  fur  dyeing  paper  for  posters,  prospectuses  and 
hook-covers.  They  are  frequently  used  also  in  combination 
with  Orange  It  or  Brilliant  Croce'ine,  by  which  means  full 
shades  of  red  are  obtained  yielding  colourless  waste  waters. 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  do  not  alter 
the  shade. 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 
(Page  21). 

Irisame  G is  used  for  dyeing  bright  shades  of  pink 
and  also  as  a shading  product. 

In  point  of  shade  it  approaches  the  bluer  of  the 
Eosine  brands,  over  which  it  possesses  the  advantage  of 
greater  resistance  to  alkalies  and  acids. 

Used  in  combination  with  Orange  It  or  Brilliant 
Croce'ine  it  dyes  bright  shades  of  red  and  yields  colourless 
waste  waters. 

1.  Very  good. 

2.  Acids  do  not  alter 
the  shade. 

Same  as  with 
Auramine  II. 
(Page  21). 

Rosaze'ine  B comes  into  consideration  for  the  same 
purposes  as  Irisamine. 

25 


2* 


Basic 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to  Fastness  to 
Light  Alkalies 


New  Magenta  0 


0.5°/o 


1.5°/o 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


Resists  only 
weak  alkalies. 


49 


Methyl  Violet  3R  No.  1 


ff.5% 


1.5% 


Methyl  Violet  R No.  1 


0,5% 


1.5°/o 


Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No.  1 


0.5°/o 


1.5°/o 


Paper  Blue  3196  J 


! 0.5°/o 


1.5% 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


I — II. 


Same  as  that 
of 

New  Magenta 

O. 

(See  above). 


Same  as  that 
of 

New  Magenta 

O. 

(See  above). 


26 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water  Remarks 

1.  A large  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 

or 

2.  acids  render  the 

shade  more 
yellowish. 

In  deep  shades  the 
back  water 
is  coloured. 

New  Magenta  0 is  used  for  the  dyeing  of  cheap 
packing  paper  and  paper  for  book-covers.  For  faster 
shades  Magenta  is  to  advantage  replaced  by  Diamine 
Brilliant  Bordeaux  R or  Diamine  Fast  Bordeaux  6BS 
which  possess  good  fastness  to  light. 

1.  A large  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 

or 

2.  acids  render  the 
shade  duller  and 

more  greenish. 

Same  as  with 
New  Magenta  0. 
(See  above). 

Methyl  Violet  is  used  for  dyeing  cheap  packing  paper 
and  paper  for  book-covers.  In  combination  with  Green 
it  is  used  for  producing  cheap  blue  tones  on  packing 
paper  and  paper  for  paper  bags. 

Same  as  with 
Methyl  Violet. 
(See  above). 

Same  as  with 
New  Magenta  0. 
(See  above.) 

Is  used  for  dyeing  cheap  packing  paper  and  paper 
for  book-covers 

27 


Basic 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 

Fastness  to 

Fastness  to 

Dyeing 

Light 

Alkalies 

New  Methylene  Blue  GG 


0.5% 


1.5% 


New  Methylene  Blue  GB 


0.5% 


52 


1.5% 


Methylene  Blue  BB 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Victoria  Blue  B 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Paper  Blue  3306 J 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  18. 


III. 


II. 


II. 


Resist  weak 
alkalies. 


28 


Colours 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  a little  more 
greenish. 

Slightly  tinted  in 
• producing 

deep  tones. 

New  Methylene  Blue  GO  for  a Basic  Colour  possesses 
remarkable  fastness  to  light,  and  can  therefore  be  used 
also  for  dyeing  better-quality  papers. 

It  is  likewise  used  very  largely  for  shading  dyeings 
produced  with  Diamine  Colours  of  good  resistance  to  light ■ 

New  Methylene  Blue  GB  and  Methylene  Blue  BB 
are  used  principally  for  the  production  of  bright  blue 
tones  on  unbleached  material ■ They  are  to  advantage 
combined  with  Water  Blue,  thus  yielding  full  blue  tones 
and  colourless  waste  waters. 

Victoria  Blue  B belongs  to  the  brightest  of  blue 
dyestuffs  Owing  to  its  very  indifferent  fastness  to  light 
it  can  only  be  used  for  papers  not  requiring  any  special 
fastness  to  light. 

Paper  Blue  3306.]  is  applied  for  blue  packing  paper 
and  cheap  paper  for  book-covers. 

29 


Basic 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Paper  Blue  3685  J 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


0.5% 


15% 


Paper  Blue  1692 J 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Normal,  as 
indicated 
on  page  18. 


II. 


Resist  weak 
alkalies. 


Carbon  Black  09097 


58 


1 % 


4 % 


Jute  Black  9375 


59 


1 % 


4 o/o 


Jute  Black  QN 


l % 


4 % 


Normal,  as 
indicated 
on  page  18. 


II 


Resist  weak 
alkalies. 


30 


Col  otars. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

t.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render 
the  shade 
somewhat 
more  greenish. 

Somewhat  tinted 
when  dyeing 
dark  shades. 

Paper  Blue  3685J  and  Paper  Blue  1692. T are  used 
for  dyeing  dark  blue  shades  on  packing  paper  and  paper 
for  paper  bags. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render 
the  shade  a trace 
more  yellowish. 

Somewhat  tinted 
when  dyeing 
dark  shades. 

Carbon  Black  09097  and  Jute  Black  9375  and  ON 
are  used  mostly  for  dulling  dyeings  on  ordinarg  packing 
paper  and  paper  for  book-covers.  For  dyeing  blacks  they 
usually  come  into  consideration  only  in  combination  with 
the  Oxy  Diamine  Blacks,  xohich  are  particularly  well 
adapted  for  this  purpose. 

31 


D.  DIAMINE  COLOURS. 


Most  of  the  Diamine  Colours  which  come  into  consideration  for 
paper  dyeing  are  distinguished  for  their  good  properties  of  fastness; 
consequently  they  are  applied  mainly  for  such  qualities  of  paper  as 
have  to  answer  more  exacting  demands  for  fastness  in  their  practical 
application. 

A most  important  feature  about  the  Diamine  Colours  is  their 
property  to  yield  colourless  back  waters  in  paper  dyeing,  even  in 
deep  shades. 

They  possess  great  affinity  for  vegetable  fibres,  on  which  they 
become  very  quickly  and  easily  fixed  without  any  fixing  agent.  For 
papers  containing  a large  proportion  of  wood  pulp,  the  Diamine  Colours 
are  usually  applied  in  combination  with  the  well  covering  Acid 
Colours,  because  the  affinity  of  wood  pulp  for  dyestuffs  is  not  as  good 
as  that  of  cellulose  and  rags. 

The  Diamine  Colours  are  very  well  adapted  for  the  dyeing 
both  of  sized  and  unsized  papers  as  well  as  of  mottling  fibre. 


Dyeing  Directions  for  Sized  Papers. 


The  dyestuffs  are  dissolved  in  boiling  hot  water  as  free  from 
lime  are  possible  (condensed  water). 

If  calcareous  water  only  be  available,  it  is  advisable  to  previously 
dissolve  about  one-half  the  weight  of  soda  as  of  dyestuff  in  the  water 
used  for  the  purpose. 

The  dilute  solutions  are  added  to  the  material  in  the  beater. 
Then  5 — 6%  common  salt  in  solution  are  added  for  medium  shades 
(1 — 2%  dyestuff)  and  8 — 10%  for  deep  shades  (over  2%  dyestuff). 

The  pulp  material  is  then  sized  with  resin  size  and  sulphate 
of  alumina  in  the  customary  manner.  If  necessary,  the  size  may  be 
added  previous  to  the  dyeing,  but  the  sulphate  of  alumina  must  not 
be  added  until  after  the  dyeing. 

Instead  of  common  salt,  an  equal  weight  of  desiccated,  or  double 
the  weight  of  crystallised,  Glauber’s  salt  may  be  used. 

This  addition  of  salt  is  not  absolutely  necessary  for  the  dyeing, 
but  is  recommended  in  order  to  get  the  full  value  of  the  dyestuff. 

Very  pale  shades  are  usually  dyed  without  any  salt. 


32 


In  the  case  of  very  deep  shades  it  is  advisable  to  heat  the  pulp 
to  50—60°  C.  (120 — 140°  F.),  whereby  fuller  tones  are  obtained, 
while  an  economy  in  dyestuff  is  at  the  same  time  effected. 

In  dyeing  with  Diamine  Colours,  a large  excess  of  sulphate  of 
alumina  should  as  a rule  be  avoided. 

There  are  a few  dyestuffs  like  Cotton  Red  A,  Diamine  Purpurine 
B,  3B,  6B,  Y,  Oxy  Diamine  Violet  B which  are  dulled  by  an  excess 
of  sulphate  of  alumina,  on  which  account  such  excess  must  be  neutralised 
by  the  addition  of  a slight  amount  of  soda.  To  this  end  the  soda  is 
added  in  solution  to  the  pulp  in  the  beater  after  the  sizing  is  complete, 
and  the  original  bright  shade  then  reappears. 

By  adding  some  copper  sulphate,  the  resistance  to  light  of  some 
of  the  Diamine  Colours  (like  Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF  and  Diamine 
Brilliant  Blue  G)  is  considerably  enhanced.  The  copper  sulphate,  in 
solution,  is  added  to  the  dyed  pulp  in  the  beater,  for  light  shades  (up 
to  1%  dyestuff)  about  double,  for  deeper  shades  about  the  same 
weight,  as  of  dyestuff.  This  addition  is  made  after  the  colour  solution 
has  been  well  mixed  with  the  pulp,  to  best  advantage  after  the  sul- 
phate of  alumina  has  been  added. 

Dyeing  Directions  for  Unsized  Papers. 

The  dyestuff  is  dissolved  in  boiling  hot  water  (condensed  water 
for  preference),  and  the  dilute  solution  is  added  to  the  material  in 
the  beater. 

After  the  solution  has  been  mixed  with  the  pulp,  add  for  light 
shades  (up  to  1%  dyestuff)  5 — 6%,  for  deeper  shades  8 — 10%  common 
salt  or  desiccated  Glauber’s  salt,  or  double  the  weight  of  Glauber’s 
salt  crystals,  previously  dissolved  in  water. 

For  particularly  deep  shades  it  is  well  to  heat  the  pulp  to 
50 — 60°  C.  (120—140°  F.)  with  a view  to  getting  the  best  possible 
advantage  out  of  the  dyestuff. 

Dyeing  of  Mottling  Fibre. 

The  mottling  fibre  (cotton,  linen,  jute,  cellulose)  is  put  as  stiff 
as  possible  into  the  beater,  which  should  be  provided  with  a steam 
pipe  for  heating,  the  dyestuff  previously  well  dissolved  in  boiling  hot 
water  being  then  added.  About  10%  common  salt  or  desiccated 
Glauber’s  salt,  or  double  the  weight  of  Glauber’s  salt,  are  then  added 
in  solution.  In  the  meantime  the  pulp  is  heated,  by  blowing  in  steam, 
as  near  as  possible  to  boiling  temperature,  the  beater  being  kept 
working  well  for  1 to  2 hours.  The  steam  is  then  shut  off,  and  after 
14  to  1 hour  about  2%  sulphate  of  alumina  are  added  to  fix  the 
dyestuff  thoroughly. 


33 


3 


It  will  scarcely  ever  be  found  necessary  to  rinse  the  material 
subsequently,  and  rinsing  will  in  fact  only  be  resorted  to  if  for  some 
reason  or  another  some  unfixed  dyestuff  should  still  remain  in  the 
dyebath. 

It  is  best  not  to  use  the  mottling  fibre  immediately  after  the 
dyeing,  but  to  allow  it  to  remain  for  a few  days  in  the  draining  box, 
whereby  the  resistance  to  water  becomes  more  complete. 


34 


Raw  material  used  for  the  patterns  produced  with  Diamine 
Colours  as  shown  in  the  following  pages: 

unbleached  sulphite  pulp. 


35 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Diamine  Yellow  KCP 


I 0.5% 


1.5% 


Paper  Yellow  A high  cone. 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Diamine  Orange  D 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Diamine  Orange  F 


0.5% 


1.5% 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 


IV. 


III. 


IV. 


Good. 


' 


III.  Very  good. 


Good. 


Ill -IV. 


Good. 


36 


Colot-irs. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1 Good. 

2.  Acids  dull  the 
shade  slightly. 

’ Colourless. 

Diamine  Yellow  KCPis  distinguished  for  its  excellent 
resistance  to  light  and  good  fastness  to  alkalies  and  acids. 
It  comes  into  consideration  for  colours  of  superior  fastness 
on  paper,  more  particularly  as  a substitute  for  Chrome 
Yellow. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  just  a trifle 
yellower. 

Paper  Yellow  A high  cone,  is  a product  possessing 
very  good  resistance  to  light,  acids  and  alkalies;  it  yields 
a pure  golden  yellow  shade  like  Metanil  Yellow , and  is 
frequently  used  as  a substitute  for  the  latter.  Apart  from 
its  better  fastness  to  light  and  acids,  it  resists  heat  much 
better. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  to  a very 
slight  degree  yellower. 

Diamine  Past  Yellow  .1 R 200  °/o  possesses  the  same 
good  properties  of  fastness  as  Paper  Yellow  A high  cone , 
and  yields  a more  covered  shade  of  yellow.  It  serves  also 
as  a substitute  for  Metanil  Yellow. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  a little  yellower. 

The  Diamine  Oranges  are  used  on  account  of  their 
■ very  good  fastness  to  light  and  alkalies  for  the  dyeing  of 
faster  colours  on  paper. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  a little  duller. 

37 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Diamine  Scarlet  B 


Diamine  Brifliant  Scarlet  S 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 


II  — III. 


Very  good. 


Cotton  Red  A 


The  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 
customary  in  the 
sizing  is 

neutralised  by  the 
subsequent 
addition  of  soda 
Otherwise  same  as 
page  32. 


II. 


Very  good. 


Diamine  Purpurine  B 


Diamine  Purpurine  6B 


70 


l°/o 


3 0/o 


Same  as  described 
on  page  32. 

Any  large  excess 
of  sulphate  of 
alumina  should  be 
neutralised  by 
adding  soda. 


II -III. 


Very  good. 


38 


Colours 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

Back  Water 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Remarks 

1.  A large  excess  of 
alum  or 

2.  acids  somewhat  dull 
the  shade. 

Colourless. 

Diamine  Scarlet  B and  Diamine  Brilliant  Scarlet  S 
are  used  for  dyeing  full,  brilliant  shades  of  red,  parti- 
cularly for  paper  containing  no  mood  pulp.  The  two 
products  are  likewise  used  for  dyeing  blotting  paper  and 
mottling  fibre. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  dull  the  shade 
slightly. 

1.  A slight  excess 
of  sulphate  of  alumina 
dulls  the  shade. 

i 2.  A slight  amount  of 
acid  dulls  the  shade- 

Colourless. 

Cotton  Red  A yields  bright  red  shades  of  moderate 
resistance  to  light  and  of  only  slight  fastness  to  acids. 
Still,  the  dyestuff  is  used  for  dyeing  full  shades  of  red 
on  paper  for  posters  and  book-covers,  because  it  yields 
colourless  back  waters  even  in  dyeing  deep  shades. 

L A large  excess 
of  alum  dulls  the 
shade. 

2.  Acids  dull  the 
shade. 

Colourless. 

Diamine  Furpurine  B and  6B  possess  better  fastness 
to  light  and.  acids  than  Cotton  Red  A,  and  are  conse- 
quently used  frequently  for  superior  makes  of  paper.  They 
, are  used  also  for  dyeing  medium  and  superior  qualities 
of  blotting  paper. 

Diamine  Furpurine  3B  and  the  brighter  V brand 
stand  between  B and  6B  in  shade. 

39 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  GG  pat. 


Method  of 

Fastness  to 

Fastness  to 

Dyeing 

Light 

Alkalies 

Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  GFF  pat. 


Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  4BFF  pat 


Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  7BFF  pat. 


Normal  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 


II -III. 


Very  good. 


Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  8BN 


40 


Colours 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 
! 2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water  Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Good. 

> Colourless. 

The  Diamine  Fast  Scarlets  possess  good  resistance 
to  light  and  very  good  fastness  to  alkalies  and  acids,  and 
the  shades  moreover  are  very  fast  to  rubbing  and  water. 

The  Diamine  fast  Scarlets  are  used  for  sized  papers, 
, and  are  very  well  suited  also  for  the  dyeing  of  blotting 
paper  and  mottling  fibre. 

The  following  brands  are  likewise  employed: 

Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  4BN,  5BFF,  8BF,  10BF,  and 
possess  the  like  properties 

41 


3* 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Diamine  Fast  Red  8BL 


Diamine' Rose  FFB 


77 


l°/o 


3«/o 


Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R 


Diamine  Fast  Bordeaux  6BS 


1% 


30/0 


Oxy  Diamine  Violet  B pat. 


80 


0,50/o 


1,5  0/0 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


IV. 


Very  good. 


Ill -IV. 


Very  good. 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 


III. 


Very  good. 


IV. 


Good 


II. 


42 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Good. 

Diamine  Fast  lied  8 BL  possesses  exceedingly  good 
fastness  to  light  as  well  as  excellent  resistance  to  alkalies 
and  acids. 

It  is  used  especially  for  the  production  of  fast  red 
shades. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Good. 

Diamine  Rose  FFB  has  a bright  shade  and  shows 
very  good  resistance  to  light;  it  is  used  for  dyeing  shades 
of  pink  of  superior  fastness  for  wallpapers  and  paper 
for  book-covers 

It  is  moreover  very  largely  used  for  pink  blotting 
paper. 

In  addition  to  FFB,  the  following  brands  are  known 
in  the  trade: 

Diamine  Rose  B extra.  BG,  BD,  GD,  GGN,  which 
possess  the  like  properties ■ 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  slightly  dull 
the  shade. 

> Colourless. 

Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R comes  mainly  into 
consideration  for  art  covers  and  wallpapers  It  is  parti- 
cularly serviceable,  in  the  dyeing  of  covered  shades  of 
claret  in  substituting  the  combination  of  Magenta  and 
Brown,  which  shoivs  poor  fastness  to  light  Diamine 
Brilliant  Bordeaux  R is  largely  used  also  for  the  dyeing 
of  blotting  paper  and  mottling  fibre. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Free  acid  renders 
the  shade  more  bluish 
and  duller. 

Diamine  Fast  Bordeaux  6BS  is  used  for  the  same 
purposes  as  Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R,  which  it  excels 
in  fastness  to  light. 

1.  An  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 
or 

2.  acids  dull  the  shade. 

Oxy  Diamine  Violet  B is  principally  used  for  saddening 
dark  shades  of  claret  for  packing  paper  and  paper  for 
book-covers,  and  for  the  dyeing  of  blotting  paper  and 
mottling  fibre. 

43 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 


Method  of 
Dyeing 


Fastness  to 
Light 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Diamine  Brilliant  Blue  G 


81 


0.5°/o 


1.5°/o 


Diamine  Fast 'Blue  FFB  pat. 


82 


84 


85 


0.5°/o 


1.5°/o 


Diamine  Blue  3B 


0.5°/o 


1.50/o 


Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 


0.50/0 


1.50/0 


Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 

(Copper  Sulphate) 


0.5% 


I.50/0 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 


ii -in. 

With 

the  addition 
of  copper 
sulphate 

IV. 


IV. 


II. 


II. 


With 

the  addition 
of  copper 
sulphate 

IV. 


Good. 


Very  good. 


Resists  weak 
alkalies. 


Good. 


44 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water  Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  a trifle  redder. 

Colourless. 

Diamine  Brilliant  Bine  (l  serves  for  the  dyeing  of 
dark  bine  paper  fur  book-covers  and  blue  board.  Dyed  with 
the  addition  of  copper  sulphate,  the  dyeings  are  considerably 
more  resistant  to  light,  and  sufficiently  answer  then  the 
requirements  for  fastness  to  light  which  are  demanded  of 
wallpapers. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Good. 

Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  is  distinguished  for  its 
excellent  resistance  to  light  and  very  good  fastness  to 
alkalies  and  acids.  It  is  used  for  the  dyeing  of  wallpapers 
and  superior  paper  for  book-covers,  as  well  as  for  mottling 
fibre. 

Brighter  tones  of  good  fastness  to  light  are  obtained 
by  combining  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  with  Alkaline  Blue 
or  Water  Blue. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Good. 

Diamine  Blue  3B  yields  bright  greenish  blue  shades. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Good. 

Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF  is  used  for  dyeing  bright 
shades  of  blue  on  paper  containing  no  wood  pulp,  and 
also  for  light  blue  blotting  paper  and  mottling  fibres. 

Dyed  with  the  addition  of  copper  sulphate  (page  33)  it 
, possesses  excellent  resistance  to  light,  and  is  then  very 
well  suited  for  wallpapers  and  paper  for  book-covers.  It 
can  thus  be  dyed  in  combination  with  Diamine  Yellow  KOF, 
Paper  Yellow  A high  cone  or  Diamine  Fast  Yellow 
A 11200  °/o,  yielding  green  and  olive  tones  of  very  good 
fastness  to  light. 

45 


Diamine 


Diamine  Fast  Brown  GB  pat. 


Oxy  Diamine  Brown  G 


Method  of  Fastness  to 

Dyeing  Light 


IV. 


Fastness  to 
Alkalies 


Very  good. 


Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 


III. 


Very  good. 


46 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Free  acid  very 
slightly 

dulls  the  shade. 

Colourless. 

Diamine  Fast  Brown  G,  R.  and  GB  possess  very 
good  fastness  to  light  and  are  also  very  resistant  to  alkalies 
and  acids;  they  are  particularly  well  suited  for  the  dyeing 
of  wrapping  papers. 

1.  An  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 
or 

2.  acids  render  the 
shade  a little  duller. 

Oxy  Diamine  Brown  G serves  in  the  first  place  for 
the  production  of  bright  shades  of  brown  for  paper  for 
book-covers. 

1.  Good 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  a little  redder. 

Diamine  Brown  No  30a  is  used  for  dyeing  dark 
brown  packing  paper  and  paper  for  book-covers. 

47 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 

Method  of 
Dyeing 

Fastness  to 
Light 

Fastness  to 
Alkalies 

Cotton  Dark  Brown  BM 

Normal,  as 
indicated  on 
page  32. 

III. 

Good. 

BHHH 

0.5°/o 

91 

hhbhh 

1.5°/o 

Diamine  Catechine  Q pat. 

III. 

• Good. 

1 

0.5°/o 

92 

bhhhi 

1.5°/o 

Diamine  Catechine  B pat. 

0.5°/o 

93 

hhhhh 

I.50/0 

Diamine  Green  G 

bhhhi 

O.50/0 

94 1 

1.5°/o 

II -III. 

' Good. 

Diamine  Green  B 

■■■■ 

O.50/0 

95 

■H 

1.5°/o 

48 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 
: 2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

i 

Remarks 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  turn  the 
shade  somewhat  more 
reddish. 

' Colourless. 

Cotton  Dark  Brown  BM  behaves  like  Diamine 
Brown  No.  30a  and  yields  more  yellowish  brown  shades. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  dull  the 
shade  slightly. 

Diamine  Catechine  G and  B are  used  for  the  dyeing 
> of  deep  shades  on  paper  for  book-covers  and  wrapping 
papers,  and  for  the  dyeing  of  mottling  fibre. 

1.  A large 
excess  of  sulphate 
of  alumina  and 
2.  acids  render 
the  shade  slightly 
duller. 

Diamine  Green  G and  B serve  for  producing  covered 
green  shades  on  paper  for  book-covers  and  wrapping 
papers,  and  generally  also  for  dyeing  deep  green  blotting 
papers  and  mottling  fibre. 

Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF  in  combination  with  yellow, 
and  dyed  with  the  addition  of  sulphate  of  copper,  is  given 
the  preference  for  ve>  y fast  greens.  ( See  page  i5.) 

49 


4 


Diamine 


Name  of  the  Dyestuff 

Method  of 
Dyeing 

Eastness  to 
Light 

Fastness  to 
Alkalies 

Diamine  Black  BH 

, •'  : • I i 

III 

Good. 

96 

1 3«/o 

Diamine  Fast  Black  CB  high  cone. 

' :f- K ■ /'->  Hi 

III  — IV. 

97 

Diamine  Fast  Black  C high  cone. 

1 l°/0 

Normal,  as 

■1 

indicated  on 

Ill -IV. 

98 

page  32. 

l 4 °/o 

Cooj 

Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI  extra  cone,  pat 

4,' 1 ”... 

■■■■■■■■■■■ 

99 

1 

1 ' ^ 4»/o 

| 

ir. 

Oxy  Diamine  Black  AT  extra  cone.  pat. 

i°/o 

100 

■ 

1 

50 


Colours. 


1.  Fastness  to  Alum 

2.  Fastness  to  Acids 

Back  Water 

Remarks 

1 A large  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 
and 

2.  acids  render  the 
shade  a trifle  more 
reddish. 

Colourless. 

Diamine  Black  BH  yields  a full  blue-black  of  good 
fastness  to  rubbing  and  water.  It  is  used  for  the  dyeing 
of  paper  for  book-covers,  wrapping  papers,  blue  board,  etc. 
A combination  with  11  ’ater  Blue  B or  Paper  Blue  KRB 
yields  full  blue  shades. 

Diamine  Black  Bll  is  besides  used  very  extensively 
for  the  dyeing  of  mottling  fibres  for  dark  blue  effects. 

1.  A large  excess  of 
sulphate  of  alumina 

and 

2.  acids  render  the 
shade  a trace  more 

reddish. 

Both  products  serve  for  the  dyeing  of  wrapping 
papers  for  fine  quality  metal  goods  and  for  photographic 
articles. 

They  are  used  besides  for  the  dyeing  of  black  mottling 
fibres  of  good  fastness  to  light. 

Same  as  Diamine 
Fast  Black  CB  high 
cone. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  slightly  more 
reddish. 

The  Oxy  Diamine  Blacks  a>  e used  extensively  for 
the  dyeing  of  all  kinds  of  black  papers,  and  serve  as 
excellent  substitutes  for  logwood,  over  which  they  offer  the 
advantage  of  a simple  application. 

For  dyeing  papers  containing  a large  percentage 
of  wood,  Oxy  Diamine  Black  is  to  advantage  used  in 
combination  with  a basic  black  such  combination  covering 
the  mixed  pulp  excellently  and  allowing  of  best  possible 
exhaustion  of  the  dyestuff. 

The  Oxy  Diamine  Blacks  are  besides  employed 
extensively  for  the  dyeing  of  the  various  kinds  of  mottling 
fibres. 

1.  Good. 

2.  Acids  render  the 
shade  slightly  more 
reddish. 

51 


DYEING  WITH  COMBINATIONS  OF  DYESTUFFS 


BELONGING  TO  DIFFERENT  GROUPS. 

When  dyeing  paper  in  the  pulp,  it  is  frequently  an  advantage 
to  use  combinations  of  dyestuffs  belonging  to  different  groups. 

When  t.he  components  have  been  suitably  selected,  colour  lakes 
are  formed  even  without  the  application  of  a precipitating  agent, 
which  are  partly  insoluble  in  water  and  which  are  fixed  firmly  in  the 
paper;  this  results  on  the  one  hand  in  a saving  of  colouring  matter 
and  in  obtaining  generally  clear  hack  waters,  on  the  other  hand  in  the 
pores  and  unevennesses  of  the  paper  sheet  being  filled  evenly,  thus 
ensuring  very  level  dyeings. 

Of  particular  importance  are  combinations  of  easily  soluble 
Acid  Colours  which  are  harder  to  fix  and  Basic  Colours;  this  allows 
on  the  one  hand  of  exhausting  the  Acid  Colour  as  thoroughly  as 
possible,  and  on  the  other  of  avoiding  the  mottled  appearance  apt  to 
occur  in  most  cases  when  employing  Basic  Colours  exclusively. 

It  is  an  advantage  in  such  case  to  start  dyeing  with  the  Acid 
Colour,  adding  the  solution  of  the  Basic  Colour  subsequently. 

The  combinations  mostly  employed  are  the  following: 

Naphtol  Yellow  S or  China  Yellow  B with  Auramine  II  or  0, 
Orange  IT  with  Chrysoidine, 

Brilliant  Croceme  with  Safranine  or  Magenta, 

Alkaline  Blue  or  Water  Blue  with  Victoria  Blue.  Methylene 
Blue  or  New  Methylene  Blue. 

Combination  dyeings  are  further  employed  if  the  dyestuffs  of 
one  group  do  not  yield  sufficient  brightness  of  shade  and  if  the 
application  of  a certain  group  of  dyestuffs  is  to  he  given  the  preference 
for  various  reasons.  If  therefore  more  exacting  demands  are  made 
of  the  paper  in  point  of  fastness,  Diamine  Colours  should  he  used, 
topped  according  to  requirement  with  bright  Acid  or  Basic  Colours. 
The  fastness  of  the  dyeing  is  in  this  case  hardly  affected  by  the 
generally  slight  addition  of  the  dyestuff  used  for  brightening,  and 
the  hack  waters  are  coloured  hut  very  slightly  even  when  a colour  is 
used  for  shading  which  is  inclined  to  colour  back  waters. 


52 


Basic  Colours  also  become  well  fixed  on  a ground  dyed  with 
Diamine  Colours. 

Papers  containing  a large  percentage  of  wood  pulp,  but  which, 
considering  their  subsequent  application,  are  yet  required  to  answer 
more  exacting  demands  in  point  of  fastness,  are  to  best  advantage  dyed 
first  with  Diamine  Colours,  and  topped  with  an  Acid  or  Basic  Colour 
which  covers  the  wood  pulp  thoroughly. 


53 


SPECIAL  PART. 


MOTTLED  PAPER. 


For  mottled  paper  containing  mottling  fibre  of  different  colour 
among  its  base,  dyed  rags  (especially  cotton  rags  dyed  blue)  are 
frequently  used  for  the  mottling.  Of  late,  however,  cellulose  and 
cotton  are  also  dyed  in  large  quantities  in  the  desired  colours  direct 
for  mottling  purposes,  because  cellulose,  according  to  experience,  yields 
a material  excellently  suited  for  a mottling  fibre,  and  the  paper  maker 
is  then  not  dependent  for  the  shade  on  any  chance  stock  of  rags. 

Besides  cotton  and  cellulose,  linen,  jute  and  china  grass  come 
into  consideration  as  mottling  fibres. 

For  the  mottling  fibre  Diamine  Colours,  are  chiefly  used,  which 
are  dyed  in  the  simplest  manner  and  are  fixed  fast  to  water.  In 
certain  cases,  especially  for  dyeing  particularly  bright  shades,  Basic 
Colours  are  used,  but  then  the  mottling  fibre  must  be  previously, 
treated  with  tannin. 

Ordinary  wool,  dyed  with  Diamine  or  Acid  Colours,  is  likewise 
used  sometimes  as  mottling  fibre. 


Dyeing  of  Vegetable  Mottling  Fibre. 

For  particulars  of  dyeing  with  Diamine  Colours  see  page  33. 

Dyeing  with  Basic  Colours: 

5 — 6 lbs  tannic  acid  per  100  lbs  mottling  fibre  are  dissolved  in 
warm  water  and  given  into  the  beater;  the  mottling  fibre  is  entered, 
and  after  heating  to  70 — 80°  C.  (160 — 175°  F.)  steam  is  shut  off 
and  the  fibre  treated  for  a few  hours  longer  in  the  cooling  solution. 
It  is  then  run  off  into  draining  boxes  and  allowed  to  drain  thoroughly 
before  being  used.  It  is  then  entered  again  into  the  beater,  and  after 
heating  the  contents  the  colour  solution  is  added.  After  one  to  two 
hours’  working,  1 — 2%  sulphate  of  alumina  are  added. 

Jute  may  be  dyed  with  Basic  Colours  without  any  preparatory 
treatment  of  the  material,  because  this  fibre  absorbs  the  dyestuff 
almost  completely  from  the  boiling  hot  dyebath.  If  it  should  prove 


57 


4* 


necessary,  5%  tannic  acid  are  added  after  the  dyeing,  the  material 
being  allowed  to  remain  in  the  cooling  bath  for  a few  hours  longer  in 
order  to  enhance  the  resistance  to  water  of  the  dyeings. 

Dyeing  of  Mottling  Fibre  composed  of  Wool  and  Half -Wool. 

Dyeing  with  Diamine  Colours: 

Wool  is  dyed  with  Diamine  Colours  in  the  same  manner  as  vege- 
table fibres  (see  page  33). 

This  group  of  colours  is  particularly  well  suited  if  half-wool 
is  used  as  a mottling  fibre,  because  they  stain  at  the  same  time  the 
cotton  which  is  admixed  to  the  wool.  Half-wool  is  dyed  with  Diamine 
Colours  in  the- same  manner  as  vegetable  fibres. 

Dyeing  with  Acid  Colours: 

If  wool  is  used  as  a mottling  fibre,  it  may  be  dyed  with  Acid 
Colours  according  to  the  following  directions: 

Charge  the  dyebath  with 

10 — 20%  Glauber’s  salt  crystals  and 

4%  sulphuric  acid  (108°  Tw.)  or  with 
10%  bisulphate  of  soda 

and  the  requisite  quantity  of  dyestuff.  Then  enter  the  material,  and 
dye  for  about  1 hour  at  boiling  temperature.  Finally  add  2%  sulphuric 
acid  or  sulphate  of  alumina  in  order  to  fix  the  dyestuff  as  well  as 
possible.  Before  adding  the  sulphuric  acid  it  must  always  be  strongly 
diluted  with  water.  It  is  an  advantage  to  wash  the  mottling  fibre 
well,  especially  if  it  is  to  be  used  soon  after  the  dyeing. 

Samples  of  mottled  paper  will  be  found  on  pages  65,  69,  75 
and  81. 


BLOTTING  PAPER. 

For  producing  blotting  paper,  which  is  required  to  possess  a 
high  degree  of  absorbing  and  moistening  power  being  at  the  same 
time  of  a soft  and  loose  make,  raw  materials  as  soft  as  possible  are 
used  which  may  easily  be  felted  to  form  a loose  paper.  For  this 
purpose  mostly  pure  cotton  rags,  if  necessary  in  combination  with 
soft  cellulose,  or  sometimes  also  soft  cellulose  alone,  are  used.  In 
many  instances  the  raw  material  is  especially  prepared  by  subjecting 
it  to  freezing  or  to  a special  fermentation  process. 


58 


The  fibres  of  the  raw  material  must  possess  a certain  length 
throughout,  and  any  filling  materials  which  would  fill  the  pores  should 
be  excluded.  The  fixing  agents  customary  for  dyeing  paper  in  the 
pulp  which  settle  on  the  fibre  and  in  the  interstices  should  also 
be  avoided.  It  is  best  therefore  to  use  such  dyestuffs  only  as  go  on  to 
the  fibre  and  are  fixed  thereon  without  requiring  any  additions  that 
may  impair  the  absorbing  property  of  the  paper. 

The  Diamine  Colours  answer  these  requirements  in  the  first 
place,  and  are,  one  and  all,  well  suited  for  dyeing  unsized  papers.  If 
any  shading  be  necessary,  Basic  Colours  may  be  used,  because  the 
bottom  dyed  with  Diamine  Colours  fixes  some  Basic  Colour. 

Common  qualities  of  blotting  paper  containing  wood  pulp  may 
in  very  light  shades  be  dyed  with  Acid  Colours. 

When  producing  the  latter  kind  of  paper  it  is  an  advantage  to 
add  some  china  clay,  which  somewhat  improves  the  low  absorbing 
power.  For  better  class  blotting  papers,  however,  the  addition  of 
china  clay  or  other  filling  materials  must  be  omitted,  because  china 
clay  absorbs  liquids  not  anywhere  near  as  well  as  rags  or  cellulose. 


Samples  of  blotting  paper  will  be  found  on  pages  G 7 and  69. 


WHITE  WRITING  AND  PRINTING  PAPER. 


The  dyestuffs  used  for  tinting  papers  of  this  kind  should  yield 
as  pure  a white  as  possible,  and  must  have  no  tendency  to  mottling 
on  mixed  materials.  The  products  mostly  employed  are  the  Water 
Blues  or  Alkaline  Blues  in  combination  with  Rosazeine  B or  Brilliant 
Croceine  M,  or  the  more  bluish  Brilliant  Croceines  7B  or  9B. 

If  more  exacting  demands  are  made  with  regard  to  fastness  to 
light,  Alizarine  Cyanole  EF  in  combination  with  Brilliant  Croceine  9B 
is  used.  For  cheaper  grades  of  white  paper,  the  more  reddish  brands, 
viz,  Water  Blue  RRS  or  RS  are  given  the  preference,  which  in  com- 
bination with  Rosazeine  B or  Brilliant  Croceine  M yield  a sufficiently 
good  white. 


59 


"Basic  Colours  are  not  quite  so  well  suited  because  they  are  apt 
to  produce  a mottled  appearance. 

In  order  to  ensure  exact  working  with  the  small  quantities  of 
dyestuff  necessary  for  tinting  white  papers,  it  is  an  advantage  to  use 
for  this  purpose  solutions  of  a definite  concentration  in  measured 
portions. 


PA  PEE  FOR  POSTERS  AND  PROSPECTUSES  AND 
WRAPPING  PAPER. 

Papers  for  posters,  and  prospectuses,  and  low  class  wrapping 
papers,  are  intended  principally  for  temporary  use,  and  their  proper- 
ties of  fastness  are  therefore  of  hut  secondary  importance. 

Wood  pulp  and  waste  papers  containing  a large  amount  of  wood 
pulp  are  used  as  raw  materials;  cellulose  is  added  in  such  quantities 
only  as  are  absolutely  necessary  for  the  purpose,  with  the  exception  of 
wrapping  papers  which  are  required  to  withstand  a certain  amount 
of  tension  and  flexion,  and  for  which  a little  more  cellulose  must  be 
added,  also  a few  per  cent  of  rags. 

The  stated  qualities  of  paper  are  mostly  dyed  in  bright, 
frequently  very  brilliant  shades  (especially  for  posters  and  prospectu- 
ses), and  for  this  purpose  the  Basic  and  Acid  Colours  come  principally 
into  consideration  which  possess  great  tinctorial  power  and  yield  at 
fhe  same  time  very  bright  shades.  Combinations  of  both  groups  have 
proved  of  excellent  value. 

Samples  of  papers  for  posters,  and  jirospectvses,  and  of  wrapping 
papers  will  be  found  on  page  71. 


ENVELOPE  PAPER. 

Envelope  paper  is  manufactured  from  different  kinds  of  raw 
material. 

Fine  grade  and  superfine  envelopes  are  generally  made  of  the 
same  kind  of  raw  material  as  the  note  paper  for  which  they  are 
to  serve  as  envelopes,  and  thus  rags,  especially  linen  rags,  mostly  in 
combination  with  bleached  cellulose,  come  into  consideration  as  raw 
material. 

Medium  qualities  are  chiefly  manufactured  from  cellulose 
(bleached  or  unbleached). 


60 


Out  of  consideration  of  price,  however,  cheaper  substitutes  are 
used  for  the  largest  part  of  envelopes,  (especially  for  the  ordinary 
kinds  of  business  envelopes). 

Whereas  the  best  qualities  of  envelopes,  and  a large  portion  also 
of  the  medium  qualities,  are  only  tinted  white,  the  low  grade  papers 
are  nearly  always  dyed  in  order  to  impart  to  them  a better  appearance. 

Mottled  envelopes  are  frequently  given  the  preference  because 
the  mottled  effect  (page  57)  reduces  the  transparency  of  the  paper 
considerably.  In  order  to  reduce  the  transparency  to  a minimum  in 
the  case  of  thin  envelope  paper,  a large  amount  of  china  clay  is 
generally  added  to  the  pulp. 

The  papers  are  usually  sized  in  the  same  way  as  writing  papers. 
The  selection  of  the  dyestuffs  is  in  the  first  instance  dependent  on  the 
demands  made  of  the  envelope.  Special  fastness  is  not  generally 
wanted,  but  merely  a pleasing  colour  which  is  produced  with  bright 
Acid  and  Basic  Colours. 

Samples  of  envelope  paper  will  be  found  on  pages  73  and  75. 


AET  COYEES,  CATALOGUE  COYEES. 

These  papers  as  a rule  are  intended  for  prolonged  use,  and  on 
this  account  have  to  answer  more  exacting  demands  in  point  of  resist- 
ing external  influences  than  those  to  which  ordinary  wrapping  papers 
are  subjected ; they  are  mostly  made  from  cellulose,  more  rarely  with 
a slight  addition  of  wood  pulp.  Cotton  is  added  frequently  in  order 
to  impart  a soft  feel  to  the  paper. 

Varying  with  the  prevailing  taste,  the  papers  are  dyed  in 
medium  or  deep  shades.  In  selecting  the  dyestuffs,  their  properties 
of  fastness  are  of  primary  importance.  Diamine  Colours  almost  ex- 
clusively are  used  for  dyeing,  shaded  if  necessary  with  Acid  Colours 
or  in  some  cases  also  with  Basie  Colours. 

Besides  the  undved  wrapping  papers,  a large  number  of  papers 
with  a coloured  mottling  fibre  is  in  demand.  The  base  is  as  a rule 
used  in  a pure  white  state,  in  order  to  render  the  mottling  effect  the 
more  pronounced:  as  mottling  material  a suitably  dyed  cellulose  is 
used,  and  less  frequently  dyed  cotton,  (page  57). 


61 


There  are  besides  dark  coloured  papers  which  contain  undyed 
mottling  fibres,  of  as  pure  a white  as  possible  and  of  a good  lustre 
(jute,  china  grass,  etc.). 

Wood  dust  is  used  likewise  for  producing  the  mottling  effect. 

In  the  latter  instances  the  base  is  dyed  with  Diamine  Colours, 
the  undyed  material  for  the  mottling  effect  being  added  finally  after 
the  dyeing  and  the  sizing. 

Samples  of  art  covers  (catalogue  covers)  will  be  found  on 
pages  77,  79  and  81. 


PAPER  FOR  NEEDLE-WRAPPERS. 

For  the  packing  of  needles  and  other  fine  polished  metal  goods, 
dark  coloured,  mostly  black  papers  are  generally  used. 

Special  importance  is  to  be  attached  to  the  pulp  being  as  pure 
as  possible,  thus  preventing  the  goods  packed  therein  from  becoming 
tarnished  or  rusty. 

The  Diamine  Colours  are  the  most  advantageous  products  to 
use  for  dyeing  paper  of  this  kind,  as  they  do  not  contain  any  deleterious 
substances. 

For  producing  a blue-black  with  normal  demands  for  fastness, 
Diamine  Black  BH  is  used  generally,  and  Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI 
extra  cone,  for  jet  black,  whilst  Diamine  Fast  Black  C high  cone,  or 
CB  high  cone,  are  used  if  the  demands  for  fastness  are  more  exacting. 

If  necessary,  the  dyeings  may  be  shaded  with  Basic  Colours. 

The  dyeing  is  carried  out  as  customary,  but  the  amount  of  salt 
should  not  be  excessive.  In  the  case  of  deep  shades,  the  pnlp  is  heated 
somewhat  in  the  beater  in  order  to  get  the  fullest  advantage  of  the 
dyestuff. 

In  the  sizing,  any  large  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina  should 
be  avoided  as  much  as  possible,  just  as  it  should  be  made  a point  to 
keep  the  paper  as  neutral  as  possible. 


PACKING  PAPER. 

For  fhe  best  classes  of  packing  paper,  the  strongest  raw  materials 
are  used  in  order  to  impart  to  them  great  strength  and  elasticity, 
especially  at  the  bends.  Cheaper  grade  papers  made  of  inferior  raw 
materials  are  generally  produced  in  a very  heavy  quality  in  order  to 
render  them  as  resistant  as  possible. 


62 


The  quality  of  the  paper  is  taken  duly  into  consideration  in 
dyeing. 

Better  qualities  are  advantageously  dyed  with  the  faster  Diamine 
Colours,  ordinary  qualities,  the  raw  material  of  which  consists  of 
waste-rags  or  brown  pulp,  with  Basic  or  Acid  Colours  which  possess 
good  tinctorial  power,  and  low  grade  straw  packing  papers  with 
Basic  Colours  generally. 

Samples  of  packing  paper  will  be  found  on  pages  83  and  85. 


WALL-PAPER. 

Wall-papers  are  generally  required  to  answer  more  exacting 
demands  for  fastness,  resistance  to  light  and  atmosphere  and  the 
actions  of  mortar  and  paste  coming  mainly  into  consideration.  Best 
possible  fastness  to  rubbing  and  water  are  likewise  of  importance. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  select  raw  materials  showing  good 
resistance.  If  out  of  considerations  of  price,  cheaper  substitutes  such 
as  wood  pulp  or  waste  paper  are  used,  it  cannot  he  expected  that  papers 
so  produced  will  posses  the  same  fastness  (especially  fastness  to  light 
and  atmosphere)  as  materials  free  from  wood,  because  wood  pulp 
becomes  very  brownish  on  prolonged  exposure  to  light  and  atmosphere, 
this  causing  a change  in  the  shade. 

If,  however,  cheap  raw  materials  have  to  be  used,  it  is  important 
at  least  to  use  colouring  matters  of  best  possible  fastness,  for 
which  purpose  the  faster  brands  of  the  Diamine  and  Acid  Colours 
are  exceedingly  well  adapted.  Of  the  Basic  Colours,  New  Methylene 
Blue  GG  is  the  only  brand  suitable  for  dyeing,  its  fastness  to  light 
being  relatively  good,  the  other  Basic  Colours  come  into  consideration 
for  shading  purposes  only. 

A special  kind  of  wall-paper  is  Ingrain  wall-paper,  produced 
generally  as  duplex  paper,  the  peculiar  effect  of  which  is  obtained  by 
an  addition  of  croppings  and  wood  dust.  Ingrain  papers  are  dyed  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  other  kinds  of  wall-paper. 

SampAes  of  wall-paper  will  be  found  on  page  87. 


63 


MOTTLED  PAPEE, 

(Page  57.) 

Base  of  the  Paper:  50%  pine- wood  pulp 

40%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp 
10%  china  clay. 

Mottling  Fibre:  Unbleached  sulphite  pulp. 


Quantity  of  Mottling  Fibre: 


No 

1. 

2.5% 

No 

2. 

2.5% 

No 

3. 

2.5% 

No 

4. 

2.5% 

No 

5. 

5 % 

No 

0. 

5 % 

No 

7. 

1 50' 

1 .0  /0 

No 

8. 

n 0/ 
J /o 

Quantity  of  Dyestuff: 

1.5%  Diamine  Green  B 
2.5%  Oxy  Diamine  Yellow  TZ. 

3 % Diamine  Catechine  G pat. 

2 % Diamine  Green  B. 

2 % Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  B. 

2 % Diamine  Sky  Blue  FP. 

3 % Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  GFF  pat 
2 % Diamine  Brilliant  Violet  B. 

4 % Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI  extra 

cone,  pat 


The  stated  quantities  of  mottling  fibre  refer  to  the  weight  of  the  base 
of  the  paper,  those  of  dyestuff  being  reckoned  on  the  weight  of  the  mottling 
fibre. 


64 


65 


5 


BLOTTING  PAPER. 

(Page  58.) 

Raw  Material:  Bleached  Cctton. 

No.  1.  1 lb  Diamine  Orange  G. 

No.  2.  5 lbs  Diamine  Rose  BG. 

No.  3.  5 lbs  Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 

7 y2  „ sulphate  of  copper. 

No.  4.  30  lbs  Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  4BFF  pat. 

No.  5.  11  lbs  Diamine  Green  B. 

No.  0.  25  lbs  Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R 

5 „ Diamine  Fast  Brown  R pat. 

The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


66 


67 


MOTTLED  BLOTTING  PAPER. 


(Page  57  and  58.) 

Base  of  the  Paper:  Bleached  Cotton. 

Mottling  Fibre:  Unbleached  Sulphite  Pulp. 


Quantity  of 

Mottling  Fibre: 

No 

1: 

5 % 

30  lbs 

No 

2: 

2-5% 

30  „ 

No 

3: 

10  % 

30  „ 

No 

4: 

10  % 

30  „ 

No 

5: 

10  % 

30  „ 

No 

6: 

10  % 

40  „ 

Quantity  of  Dyestuff: 

Diamine  Green  B. 

Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R. 

Diamine  Catechine  G pat. 

Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF. 

Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  GFF  pat. 

Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI  extra  cone. 

pat. 


The  stated  quantities  of  mottling  fibre  refer  to  the  weight  of  the 
base  of  the  paper  and  those  of  dyestuff  to  1000  lbs  of  mottling  fibre. 

The  mottling  fibre  is  dyed  as  described  on  page  33;  the  addition  of 
sulphate  of  alumina  may  be  omitted  entirely  or  partly,  the  duration  of  the 
dyeing  process  being  prolonged  accordingly. 


69 


PAPER  FOR  POSTERS,  PROSPECTUSED  AND 
WRAPPING  PAPER. 

(Page  60.) 

Raw  Material:  15%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp 


20%  waste  paper 

45%  wood  pulp 

20%  china  clay. 

No 

1: 

1 

lb 

Victoria  Blue  B 

12 

oz  Paper  Blue  KBB 

Vs 

„ Auramine  O. 

No 

2. 

15 

oz  Safranine  G extra  O 

Vs 

„ Orange  R. 

No 

3: 

1 

lb  ly 

oz  Brilliant  Green  Crystals  extra 

1 K 

„ Auramine  O. 

No 

4: 

12 

oz  Naplitylamine  Black  4B 

3V3 

„ Tropaeoline  G 

2 

„ Orange  R. 

No 

5: 

1 

lb  5 

oz  New  Magenta  O 

9)4 

„ Orange  R 

2K 

„ Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No  1. 

No 

6: 

14 

oz  Paper  Blue  KRB 

2K 

„ Auramine  O 

IK 

„ Orange  R. 

No 

7: 

2 

lbs  4 

oz  Safranine  G extra  O 

1 

lb  3 

„ Orange  R. 

No 

8: 

9 K 

oz  Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No  1. 

K 

„ Paper  Blue  KRB. 

No 

9: 

1 

lb  ly2 

oz  Auramine  O. 

No 

10: 

8 

oz  Victoria  Blue  B 

5 

,,  Paper  Blue  KRB 

Vs 

„ Auramine  O. 

No 

11: 

4 

lbs  12 

oz  Orange  R 

15 

„ Auramine  0. 

The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


70 


wmamavmmmm 


PAPER  FOR  POSTERS,  PROSPECTUSED  AND 
WRAPPING  PAPER. 


71 


ENVELOPE  PAPER. 


(Page  60.) 


Raw  Material:  25%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp 
35%  wood  pulp 
25%  waste  paper 
15%  china  clay. 


No  1:  12  oz  Tropaeoline  G 


22/s 


Paper  Blue  KBB. 


No  2: 


No  3: 


No  4: 


No  5: 


No  6: 


No  7: 


3 oz  Orange  It 
3 „ Tropaeoline  G. 

6 oz  Tropaeoline  G 

3 „ Auramine  O 

% „ Paper  Blue  KRB. 

5 oz  Paper  Blue  KRB 

1 „ Brilliant  Green  Crystals  extra 

4 „ Tropaeoline  G. 

8%  oz  Orange  R 
8 „ Tropaeoline  G 
% „ Paper  Blue  KRB. 

6 oz  Methyl  Violet  R No  1 

2 „ Orange  R 

1 „ Paper  Blue  KRB. 

2 lbs  Auramine  O 

2 „ Tropaeoline  G. 


No  8:  6 y2  oz  Paper  Blue  KRB 

% „ Brilliant  Green  Crystals  extra 
3)4  „ Tropaeoline  G. 

No  9:  12  lbs  Safranine  G extra  0 

8 „ Orange  R. 


The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


72 


ENVELOPE  PAPER. 


73 


5* 


MOTTLED  ENVELOPE  PAPER. 


(Page  57  and  60.) 

Base  of  the  Paper:  30%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp 
20%  waste  paper 
40%  fir-wood  pulp 
10%  china  clay. 

Mottling  Fibre:  Nos  1 to  6:  Unbleached  sulphite  pulp, 

Nos  7 and  8:  Unbleached  jute. 

No  1:  Base:  3 oz  Diamine  Catechine  G pat. 

1.5%  mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

1.5%  Diamine  Bordeaux  Brilliant  R. 

No  2:  Base:  4 oz  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

ls/5  „ Diamine  Heliotrope  B 
2.5%  mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

2  % Diamine  Heliotrope  B. 

No  3:  Base:  3 oz  Diamine  Yellow  KCP 

D/6  „ Diamine  Green  B 
5 % mottling  fibre  dyed  with 
1.5%  Diamine  Green  B 

2 % Oxy  Diamine  Yellow  TZ. 

No  4:  Base:  6 oz  Diamine  Black  BH 

5/g  „ Roccelline 
5/8  „ Diamine  Brown  M 
2.5%  mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

3 % Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI  extra  cone.  pat. 

No  5:  Base:  12  oz  Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 

5 % mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

1 % Diamine  Black  BH. 

No  6:  Base:  3 oz  Paper  Blue  KRB 

5 % mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

2 % Diamine  Black  BH. 

No  7:  Base:  3 oz  Naphtylamine  Black  4B 

1J4  ,,  Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 
1 % mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

1 % Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No  1. 

No  8:  Base:  1 oz  Brilliant  Green  Crystals  extra 

4 „ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 
0.5%  mottling  fibre  dyed  with 

1.5%  Brilliant  Green  Crystals  extra. 

The  quantities  of  dyestuff  stated  for  dyeing  the  base  of  the  paper  refer 
to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater,  those  for  the  dyeing  of  the  mottling  fibre 
being  reckoned  on  the  weight  of  this  fibre. 

The  quantity  of  the  mottling  fibre  is  reckoned  on  the  weight  of  the 
ground  pulp. 


74 


MOTTLED  ENVELOPE  PAPEE. 


— 75  — 


ART  COVERS  (CATALOGUE  COVERS). 

(Page  61.) 

Raw  Material : 75%  unbleaclied  sulphite  pulp 
25%  bleached  ticking. 

No  1 : 10  lbs  Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 

5 „ Diamine  Fast  Black  X 

„ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 
10  „ sulphate  of  copper. 

No  2:  3 lbs  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

3%  „ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 
Vi  „ Orange  R. 

No  3:  15  lbs  Orange  R 

5 „ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200. 

No  4:  10  lbs  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

10  „ Diamine  Yellow  KCP. 

No  5:  25  lbs  Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  GFF  pat. 

10  „ Brilliant  Crocexne  MOO. 

No  6:  12  lbs  Diamine  Fast  Brown  G pat. 

4 „ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 
10  „ Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

No  7:  7 lbs  Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 

3 „ Diamine  Yellow  KCP 
2 „ Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

No  8:  32  lbs  Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R 

12^4  „ Diamine  Catechine  G pat. 

The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


76 


ART  COVERS  (CATALOGUE  COVERS). 


ART  COVERS  (CATALOGUE  COVERS). 


(Page  61.) 


Material 

• 75% 

unbleached  sulphite  pulp 

25% 

bleached 

ticking. 

No 

9: 

2 

lbs 

Diamine 

Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

l Vi 

99 

Diamine 

Orange  G 

IX 

OZ 

Diamine 

Yellow  KCP. 

No 

10: 

5 

lbs 

Diamine 

Sky  Blue  FF 

11 

99 

Diamine 

Yellow  KCP 

10 

99 

sulphate 

of  copper. 

No 

11: 

3 

lbs 

Diamine 

Orange  F 

12 

oz 

Diamine 

Fast  Yellow  AR  200 

8 

99 

Diamine 

Fast  Black  X. 

No 

12: 

6 

lbs 

Diamine 

Sky  Blue  FF 

6 

99 

Diamine 

Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

10 

» 

sulphate 

of  copper. 

No 

13: 

20 

lbs 

Diamine 

Fast  Brown  G pat. 

No 

14: 

15 

lbs 

Diamine 

Green  B 

15 

99 

Diamine 

Yellow  KCP. 

No 

15: 

35 

lbs 

Diamine 

Brilliant  Bordeaux  R 

1 

lb  3 oz 

Diamine 

Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

No 

16: 

40 

lbs 

Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI  extra  cone.  pat. 

The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


78 


79 


MOTTLED  ART  COVERS  (CATALOGUE  COVERS) 


(Pages  57  and  61.) 

liase  of  the  Paper: 

75%  bleached  sulphite  pulp 
25%  bleached  ticking. 

Mottling  Fibre: 

Unbleached  sulphite  pulp. 

Quantity  of  Mottling  Fibre:  25%  (calculated  on  the  quantity  of  base) 


No  1 

25  lbs  Diamine  Catechine  G pat. 
5 „ Diamine  Green  B. 

No  2 

40  lbs  Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R. 

No  3 

20  lbs  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

No  4 

30  lbs  Fast  Scarlet  GFF  pat. 

No  5 

30  lbs  Diamine  Green  B. 

No  6 

30  lbs  Diamine  Violet  N. 

No  7 

40  lbs  Oxy  Diamine  Black  JEI  extra  cone.  pat. 

The  quantities  of  dyestuff  stated  for  the  dyeing  of  the  mottling  fibre 
are  those  required  for  dyeing  1000  lbs  of  material. 


80 


81 


6 


PACKING  PAPER. 


(Page  62.) 

Raw  Material:  30%  pine-wood  pulp 
40%  grey  waste  rags 
20%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp  Ilia. 


10%  china 

clay. 

No 

1: 

1.6 

lbs 

Tropaeoline  G 

0.5 

99 

Orange  R. 

No 

2: 

7.5 

lbs 

Bismarck  Brown  PSE 

2.5 

99 

Roccelline. 

No 

3: 

2.5 

lbs 

Malachite  Green  cone. 

2.5 

99 

Bismarck  Brown  1947J 

1 

99 

Tropaeoline  G. 

No 

4: 

4 

lbs 

Paper  Brown  2757J 

0.5 

99 

Tropaeoline  G. 

No 

5: 

4 

lbs 

Diamine  Black  BH 

0.5 

99 

Orange  R. 

No 

6: 

2.5 

lbs 

New  Magenta  O. 

No 

7: 

5 

lbs 

Diamine  Black  BH 

5 

99 

Paper  Blue  1692J. 

The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


82 


PACKING  PAPER. 


BROWN-WOOD  PACKING  PAPER. 


(Page  62.) 

Raw  Material:  80%  brown-wood  pulp 

10%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp  Ilia 
10%  china  clay. 


No  1:  8 lbs  Tropaeoline  G. 

No  2:  5 lbs  Paper  Brown  2757J. 

No  3:  8.5  lbs  Paper  Blue  3685J. 

► *■*  ' » 

No  4:  6 lbs  Bismarck  Brown  PSE. 

No  5:  14  lbs  Tropaeoline  G 

4.5  „ Malachite  Green  cone. 

No  6:  17.5  lbs  Roccelline 

No  7:  5.8  lbs  Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No  1. 


The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


84 


BROWN-WOOD  PACKING  PAPER. 


85 


WALL-PAPER. 


(Page  63.) 

Nos  1 to  9.  Raw  Material : 30%  pine-wood  pulp 

30%  waste  paper 

20%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp. 

20%  china  clay. 

No  1:  1.6  lbs  Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 

0.6  „ Diamine  Orange  G 
0.2  „ Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat 

3 „ sulphate  of  copper. 

No  2:  10  lbs  Paper  Yellow  A high  cone. 

• 2 „ Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

1 „ New  Methylene  Blue  GG. 

No  3:  4 lbs  Diamine  Fast  Black  X 

0.6  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 
0.4  „ Diamine  Yellow  KCP. 

No  4:  2.4  lbs  Diamine  Orange  D 

0.4  „ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 
0.1  „ Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

No  5:  6 lbs  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

4 „ Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 

1 „ Diamine  Orange  D 

10  „ sulphate  of  copper. 

No  6:  3 lbs  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

3.6  „ Diamine  Fast  Yellow  AR  200 

2 „ Diamine  Orange  G. 

No  7:  0.8  lbs  Diamine  Fast  Blue  FFB  pat. 

0.6  „ Brilliant-Crocelne  MOO. 

No  8:  20  lbs  Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R 

4 „ Brilliant  Croceine  MOO. 

No  9:  4 lbs  Diamine  Green  B 

10  „ Diamine  Yellow  KCP 

1 „ Diamine  Orange  G. 

No  10:  Ingrain  Wall-Paper. 


Raw  Material:  20%  pine-wood  pulp 
30%  waste  paper 
20%  unbleached  sulphite  pulp 
10%  china  clay 
10%  wood  dust 
10%  croppings  (black). 

Dyeing:  2.2  lbs  Brilliant  Croceine  MOO. 


The  stated  quantities  of  dyestuff  refer  to  1000  lbs  of  pulp  in  the  beater. 


86 


WALL-PAPER. 


87 


II. 

DYEING  OF  PAPER  IN  SHEETS. 


6* 


DYEING  TISSUE  PAPER  AND  CRAPE  PAPER  BY  THE 


DIPPING  PROCESS. 


In  applying  this  method,  the  Acid  Colours  and  Eosines  owing 
to  their  good  solubility  and  property  to  yield  very  brilliant  shades  are 
used  in  the  first  place.  In  some  instances,  Basic  Colours  also  come 
into  consideration. 

The  following  are  the  dyestuffs  best  suited  for  this  process: 

Acid  Colours: 


Naphtol  Yellow  S,  SL 
China  Yellow  B,  1990  J 
Acid  Yellow  AT 
Tropaeoline  G 
Indian  Yellow  G,  R 
Orange  GG,  extra,  ENL, 

RL,  RRL 

Havana  Brown  S cone. 

Brilliant  Croceine  ROO,  BOO, 
2B,  3B,  5B,  6B,  7B,  9B 
Brilliant  Cochineal  2R,  4R 
Excelsior  Lake  Scarlet  JN,  2JN 
Lake  Scarlet  GG,  R,  2R,  3R 
Brilliant  Scarlet  G,  GG,  R,  2R, 
3R,  4R,  6R 

Crystal  Scarlet  6R 
Scarlet  EC,  FR,  FFR,  FRRR 
Amaranth,  B 

Lanafuchsine  SG,  SB,  BBS,  6B 
Brilliant  Lanafuchsine  SL,  BB 
Lanacyl  Violet  pat.  B,  BF 


Acid  Violet  4RS,  6BS 
Formyl  Violet  S4B,  GB,  10B 
Azo  Wool  Violet  4B,  7R 
Cyanole  extra,  FF 
Tetra  Cyanole  V,  SF,  extra 
Azo  Wool  Blue  C pat. 
Brilliant  Milling  Blue  B pat. 
Formyl  Blue  B 
Blue  JB,  JBP,  RS,  RRS 
Pure  Soluble  Blue 
Water  Blue  B 
Brilliant  Milling  Green  B 
Acid  Green  extra  cone.,  5G 
Cyanole  Green  B,  6G,  S 
Cyanole  Fast  Green  pat.,  G,  V 
Naphtol  Green  B 
Naphtol  Dark  Green  G 
Nerazine  G,  GV,  BR 
Naphtol  Blue  Black  SB,  BN 
Naphtylamine  Black  EFF 
Naphtol  Black  B,  BB,  GB. 


Eosine  Colours: 

Eosine  Scarlet  B Phloxine,  S 

Eosine  BN,  3G,  GGF,  L Rose  Bengale  extra  N. 

Erythrosine  B,  D,  yellow  shade, 

extra  N 


91 


Basic  Colours: 


Auramine  0,  II 
Diamond  Phosphine  GG,  R 
Bismarck  Brown  EE,  GG,  FF 
New  Magenta  0 

Safranine  GG  extra  0,  G extra  0, 


Methylene  Blue  BB 

New  Methylene  Blue  GG,  GB, 


N,  R 

Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No  0, 

R No  1,  3R  No  1 
Crystal  Violet  10B 


B extra  0,  S 150,  1245J 


Brilliant  Green  Crystals  extra 


Irisamine  G,  G extra 
Rosazeine  B,  B extra 


Malachite  Green  cone. 


Solid  Green  Crystals  O. 


The  dyestuffs  are  dissolved  to  the  necessary  concentration  in 
boiling  hot  condensed  water,  the  tissue  paper  being  then  passed  in 
the  paper  dipping  machine  through  the  solution.  In  order  to  avoid 
any  separation  of  dyestuff  when  working  with  concentrated  solutions, 
it  is  an  advantage  to  keep  the  dyestuff  solutions  warm  during  that 
time.  An  addition  of  a little  acetic  acid  may  be  given  in  dissolving 
the  Basic  Colours. 


DYEING  BLOTTING  PAPER  BY  THE  DIPPING  PROCESS. 

For  this  purpose  the  same  products  are  used  as  are  recommen- 
ded above  for  the  dyeing  of  tissue  paper.  Generally,  the  Acid  Colours 
and  the  Eosines  are  given  the  preference  over  the  Basic  Colours, 
because  they  possess  better  penetrating  property. 

The  method  of  dyeing  is  the  same  as  for  tissue  paper. 


FACE-DYEING  OF  PAPER  IN  SHEETS  (WALL-PAPERS, 
INGRAIN  PAPERS)  BY  STAINING. 

For  this  purpose,  those  dyestuffs  are  used  which  possess  good 
fastness  to  light,  alkalies  and  acids,  and  are  of  sufficient  solubility. 
The  products  best  suited  are  the  Diamine  Colours,  for  they  possess 
the  requisite  properties,  and  their  aqueous  solutions  yield  dyeings 


92 


of  comparatively  good  fastness  to  water,  even  without  the  addition 
of  anv  fixing  agent.  Acid  dyestuffs  are  used  for  producing  specially 
bright  shades. 


The  following  Diamine  Colours  are  used: 


Diamine  Fast  Yellow  FF  pat. 

(300%).  A (200%),  AR  (200%) 
Paper  Yellow  GG  extra,  A high 
cone.,  3765J 

Diamine  Orange  G.  D,  B,  F 
Diamine  Fast  Orange  pat.  EG.  FR 
Diamine  Fast  Brownpat.G.R.GB 
Oxy  Diamine  Brown  G.  3GN,  RN 
Diamine  Catechine  B,  G pat.,  3G 
Diamineral  Brown  G 
Diamine  Rose  B extra,  BD,  BG, 
GD,  FFB 


Diamine  Fast  Scarlet  GG.  GFF, 
4BFF,  5BFF,  7BFF. 

8BF  pat.,  8BN 
Diamine  Fast  Red  8BL 
Diamine  Fast  Bordeaux  GBS 
Diamine  Brilliant  Bordeaux  R 
Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF 
Diamine  Fast  Blue  pat.  FFB. 

FFG,  G,  BN 

Diamine  Fast  Violet  FFBN, 

FFRN 

Diamine  Fast  Black  C high 

cone.,  CB  high  cone. 
Oxy  Diaminogene  pat.  EF, 

OB,  OT 


and  of  the  Acid  Colours  the  following: 


China  Yellow  B,  1990.T 
Milling  Yellow  O pat. 

Fast  Yellow  3036J 
Fast  Acid  Yellow  TL 
Acid  Yellow  AT 
Orange  GG,  extra,  EN,  ENL 
Havanna  Brown  S cone. 
Brilliant  Croce'ine  ROO,  BOO, 
MOO,  3B,  5B.  7B,  9B 
Amaranth  B 


Lanafuchsine  GB 

Brilliant  Lanafuchsine  SL,  BB 

Lanacvl  Violet  BF  pat. 

Lanacyl  Blue  pat.  BB,  R 
Peri  Wool  Blue  B pat. 

Nerazine  G,  GV.  BR 
Naphtol  Green  B 
Cvanole  Fast  Green  G pat. 
Naphtol  Black  B.  2B,  3B.  GB. 


Dissolve  the  dyestuff  in  boiling  hot,  condensed  'water,  and  apply 
the  solution  in  the  requisite  concentration  to  the  paper  by  means  of 
a revolving  brush,  or,  conduct  the  paper  over  a roller  running  partly 
in  the  colour  solution,  press  off,  and  dry. 

When  using  Acid  Colours,  some  starch  paste  or  neutral  vege- 
table size  is  advantageously  added  to  the  colour  solution,  in  order  to 
better  fix  the  dyestuff  and  to  prevent  it  from  blotting. 

In  order  to  dye  Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF  with  best  possible  fast- 
ness to  light,  the  paper  dyed  with  this  product,  when  still  moist,  is 
passed  through  a solution  containing  in  the  colour  solution  an  amount 
of  sulphate  of  copper  equal  to  the  dyestuff. 


93 


DYESTUFFS  FOE  WALL-PAPEES  AND  STAINED  PAPEES. 


For  this  purpose  pigments  or  colour  lakes  are  generally  used, 
which  are  mixed  with  various  mediums,  and  brushed  or  printed  on 
to  the  paper. 

Starch,  dextrine,  gum,  gum  tragacanth,  glue,  gelatine,  caseine, 
china  clay,  shellac,  albumen,  etc.  are  used  as  mediums. 

Pigment  colours  are  prepared  by  precipitating  dyestuffs  on  to 
suitable  substrata.  The  most  important  substrata  for  this  purpose 
are  barytes,  hydrate  of  alumina,  china  clay,  white  fixing  clay  and 
green  earth.  Barium  chloride,  lead  salts,  tannic  acid  and  resin  soap 
are  the  principal  precipitating  agents. 

Pigment  colours  may  be  prepared  with  Acid,  Basic,  Diamine. 
Eosine  or  Immedial  Colours. 


The  following  method  for  precipitating  Acid  Colours  is  prin- 
cipally employed  for  stained  (fancy)  papers  and  superior  wall- 
paper lakes: 

00  lbs  sulphate  of  alumina  (dissolved  hot  1:20)  are  mixed 
with 

20  „ soda  ash  (dissolved  hot  1:20),  to  which 
75  —100  „ barytes 

20 — 30  „ dyestuff  (dissolved  1:50)  are  added.  The  whole  is 
then  precipitated  at  30°  C.  (85°  E.)  with 
80 — 90  „ barium  chloride  (dissolved  1:20). 

For  the  production  of  pigment  colours  for  coloured  papers,  the 
barytes  are  in  a good  many  instances  substituted  by  china  clay  or  tal- 
cum, in  order  to  ensure  greater  delicacy  of  shade  and  better  lustre, 
or,  the  precipitation  is,  for  instance,  carried  out  according  to  the 
following  method: 

20  lhs  sulphate  of  alumina  (1:20)  are  mixed  with 

10  „ soda  ash  (1:20);  then 

10  „ dyestuff  (1:50)  are  added,  the  whole  being 
precipitated  with 

25 — 30  „ barium  chloride  (1:20). 


Acid  Colours. 

The  following  products  are  chiefly  used: 


Lake  Scarlet  GG,  E,  EE,  3E 
Excelsior  Lake  Scarlet  JN,  2JN 
Amaranth  B 

Lanacyl  Violet  pat.  B,  BF 
Pure  Soluble  Blue 
Tetra  Cyanole  A,  V 
Peri  Wool  Blue  G pat. 


Acid  Green  extra  cone. 

Lake  Green  BW 
Naphtol  Green  B 
Orange  extra,  ENL,  EL,  EEL 
Milling  Yellow  0 pat. 

China  Yellow  B 

Naphtol  Black  B,  3B,  6B,  L 115. 


94 


Naphtol  Green  B,  which  yields  a dark  green  shade  of  good 
fastness  to  light  and  lime,  is  to  best  advantage  precipitated  according 
to  the  following  recipe: 

100  lbs  barytes  are  mixed  with  a warm  solution  of 
12  „ soda  ash  (1:20),  to  which 
10  „ Naphtol  Green  B (1:50) 

40  „ barium  chloride  (1:20)  and 

26  „ sulphate  of  alumina  (1:20)  are  successively  added. 


Basic  Colours. 

On  green  earth  these  dyestuffs  are  easily  fixed,  without  any 
precipitating  agent,  at  the  same  time  yielding  lakes  of  good  fastness 
to  light  and  lime.  This  method  applies  in  the  first  place  to 

Brilliant  Green  crystals  extra  and 
Solid  Green  crystals  0, 

secondly  also  to 

New  Magenta  0 

Methyl  Violet  BB  72  No  0,  3B  No  0,  5B  No  0,  0B  No  0 
Methylene  Blue  BB 
Auramine  0 

Chrysoidine  crystals,  AG,  FF 

which  latter  dyestuffs,  if  fixed  on  white  fixing  clay  instead  of  green 
earth,  yield  very  bright  lakes  of  good  fastness  to  lime. 


Other  Basic  Colours  which  may  be  used  for  this  purpose,  viz, 

Saf ranine  G extra  0,  GG  extra  0,  B extra  0,  S 150 

Rosazeine  B,  6G 

Tannin  Orange  R powder, 


are  mostly  precipitated  according  to  the  following  recipe: 

100  lbs  barytes 
50  „ china  clay  or  kaolin 

5 „ dyestuff  (dissolved  1:100)  are  added,  the  whole 

being  precipitated  with  a warm  solution  of 
7.5  ,,  tannic  acid 
7.5  „ acetate  of  soda 


are  mixed  well;  then 


in  30  gallons  water. 


Still  better  precipitation  is  ensured  by  the  addition  of  3 — 4 lbs 
tartar  emetic  or  antimony  salt  (1:20),  after  the  tannin;  in  such  case 
the  addition  of  acetate  of  soda  may  be  omitted. 


95 


Basic  Colour  lakes  precipitated  with  resin  soap  are  well  suited 
for  dull  coated  or  coloured  papers  stained  with  the  brush. 

In  this  case  the  colour  lake  is  prepared  according  to  the  follow- 
ing recipe: 

180  lbs  sulphate  of  alumina  (1:20)  are  precipitated  with 
90  „ soda  ash  (1:20),  mixed  with 
100  „ barytes,  washed  three  times. 

20  „ dyestuff  (1:100)  are  then  added,  and  precipitated 

with 

80 — 100  gallons  resin  soap  (prepared  by  boiling  50  parts  of 
colophony  with  13  parts  soda  ash  and 
500  parts  water. 


Diamine  Colours. 

The  Diamine  Colours  yield  lakes  of  good  fastness  to  lime  and 
water  which  are  used  for  wall-papers. 


The  following  products  are  principally  used: 


Diamine  Fast  Yellow  FF  pat. 

(300%) 

Paper  Yellow  A high  cone., 

GG  extra 

Diamine  Fast  Orange  pat.  EG, 
Oxy  Diamine  Brown  G [EE 
Diamine  Brown  M* 


Diamine  Sky  Blue  FF* 
Diamine  Blue  RW* 

Oxy  Diamine  Blue  5G* 
Diamine  Jet  Black  SS 
Oxy  Diamine  Carbon  JEI  pat. 


The  precipitating  is  done  according  to  the  following  recipe: 

200  lbs  barytes  are  mixed  with 
150  „ sulphate  of  alumina  (1:20);  then 
70  „ soda  ash  (1:20),  and 

30  — 40  „ dyestuff  (1:100),  are  added,  the  whole  being 
precipitated  with 
180  „ barium  chloride  (1:20). 


Eosine  Colours. 

The  Eosine  Colours,  such  as 

Eosine  GGF,  3G,  BN,  L 
Rose  Bengale  extra  N, 

are  used  for  the  production  of  brilliant  red  lakes;  for  wallpapers 
however  they  come  into  consideration  only  for  rendering  very  bright 
shades  more  brilliant. 

The  dyestuffs  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  advantageously 
treated  with  sulphate  of  copper,  in  order  to  enhance  their  fastness  to  light; 
a solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  1:10  (about  one-lialf  the  weight  of  the 
dyestuff)  is  to  this  end  added  to  the  freshly  precipitated  lake,  which  is  then 
left  standing  for  a while,  and  finally  washed  and  pressed  out  in  the  customary 
manner. 


96 


The  lakes  are  prepared  according  to  the  following  formula: 

50  lbs  sulphate  of  alumina  (1:20)  are  mixed  with 
20  „ soda  ash  (1:20)  and 

80  „ barium  chloride  crystals  (1:20);  the  precipitate 

formed  is  washed  three  times,  then 
100  „ barytes  are  added  and  also  a cold  solution  of 

24  „ dyestuff  (1:50)  which  is  precipitated  by  a cold 

solution  of 

30  „ sugar  of  lead  or  nitrate  of  lead. 


Immedial  Colours,  Patented. 

The  Immedial  Colours  yield  lakes  of  very  good  fastness  to  light, 
water  and  lime,  and  are  used  for  covered  shades. 


The  following  are  used: 


Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 

Immedial 


Yellow  GG  soluble,  D soluble 
Orange  C soluble 
Cutch  0 soluble,  G soluble 
Brown  RR  soluble 
Bordeaux  G soluble 
Indone  R cone,  soluble 
Indogene  GCL  cone,  soluble 
Direct  Blue  B extra  cone,  soluble 
Sky  Blue  Powder  cone. 

Green  GG  extra  soluble 
Black  NNG  cone,  soluble 
Brilliant  Black  5 BY  cone,  soluble. 


The  precipitating  is  done  by  the  following  method: 


100 

10 

10 

10—20 


lbs  barytes  are  mixed  with  water,  then 
„ dyestuff  and  dissolved  in  60  gallons .boiling 

J . hot  water  are  added 

,,  caustic  Soda  lye  77°  Tw.  J and  precipitated  with 

„ barium  chloride  crystals  (1:20). 


Immedial  Sky  Blue  and  Immedial  Indone  are  dissolved  with 
only  one-fifth  their  weight  of  caustic  soda  lye;  Immedial  Brown  RR 
soluble  only  requires  one-half  its  weight  of  caustic  soda  lye. 


97 


7 


Paranitr aniline  Red  and  Nitrotoluidine  Orange. 

For  particularly  fast  red  or  orange  lakes  of  good  tinctorial 
power,  Paranitraniline  Red  and  Nitrotoluidine  Orange  are  used. 

Lakes  of  this  kind  are  produced  as  follows: 


a)  4 lbs  12  3A  oz  Paranitraniline  C are  dissolved  in  2 A gallons  hot 
water  and 

13  „ 4 % „ hydrochloric  acid  of  32°  Tw.  This  solution  is 

poured  into  6 Yi  gallons  cold  water,  the  whole 
being  then  allowed  to  cool  off  to  15°  C.  (60°  F.). 
Hereafter  a cold  solution  of 

2 „ 8 „ nitrite  of  soda  in  2 A gallons  water  is  added  in 

one  lot  whilst  stirring,  the  whole  being  diluted 
to  25  gallons  with  cold  water. 


b)  5 
5 
5 
3 

250 


99 

99 

99 

99 

99 


Beta  Naphtol  are  dissolved  with 

caustic  soda  lye  of  77°  Tw.  and 

soda  ash  in  about  5 gallons  water,  then  mixed  with 

Turkey-red  oil  and 

barytes  whilst  stirring  in  a sufficiency  of  cold 
water,  about  20  gallons. 


The  diazo  solution  (a)  is  run  into  (b)  whilst  agitating  well. 

The  colour  lake  forms  immediately,  which,  after  washing  out 
well  twice  over,  is  pressed  and  dried. 

By  substituting  up  to  8%  of  the  amount  of  Beta  Naphtol  by 
Ked  Developer  C (i.  e.  4 lbs  9 A oz  Beta  Naphtol  plus  G A oz  Red 
Developer  C),  a lake  of  considerably  bluer  shade  and  equally  good 
fastness  may  be  obtained. 


If  the  Paranitraniline  C in  the  above  directions  be  substituted 
by  5 lbs  6 A oz  Nitrotoluidine  C,  a brilliant  orange  lake  is  obtained 
possessing  the  same  properties  of  fastness  as  the  Paranitraniline 
Red  lake. 


98 


APPENDIX. 


RAW  MATERIALS,  FILLING  SUBSTANCES,  BEATING, 
GLAZING,  SIZING. 

MILL-WATER,  AND  CUSTOMARY  CHEMICALS. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 
HYDROMETER  AND  THERMOMETER  TABLES. 


RAW  MATERIALS  USED  GENERALLY  IN  PAPER 


MANUFACTURE,  AND  THEIR  SUITABILITY  FOR  THE 
PRODUCTION  OF  COLOURED  PAPERS. 


1.  Ligneous  Fibres:  Wood  Pulp,  Jute. 

White  wood  pulp  does  not  absorb  Aniline  Colours  particularly 
well  on  account  of  the  incrustating  substances  contained  in  wood  pulp, 
and  is  consequently  dyed  principally  on  the  surface  only.  Such 
dyeings  are  best  obtained  with  Acid  Colours.  The  wood  pulp  should 
be  converted  into  as  even  a mass  and  as  free  from  lumps  as  possible, 
which  is  best  effected  by  a stone  mill. 

Brown  Wood  Pulp  absorbs  Aniline  Colours  better,  as  a portion 
of  the  incrustating  substances  is  lixiviated  by  the  steaming.  Here 
too,  a thorough  kneading  of  the  pulp  before  dyeing  is  of  very  good 
advantage. 

Jute:  Jute  contains  tannin-like  substances  which  have  a strong 
affinity  for  Basic  Dyestuffs. 

2.  Cellulose  (Pine-wood , Leaved  Wood,  Straw,  Esparto,  Jute, 
and  Manila  Cellulose) . 

Cellulose,  particularly  in  the  unbleached  state,  has  a good  affinity 
to  Aniline  Colours,  more  especially  to  Basic  and  Diamine  Colours. 

Bleached  cellulose  has  slightly  less  affinity  to  Basic  Dyestuffs; 
on  the  other  hand  it  absorbs  Diamine  Colours  just  as  well  as 
unbleached  cellulose. 

3.  Rags  (Flax,  Hemp,  Cotton). 
behave  similarly  to  cellulose  in  the  dyeing  of  Aniline  Colours. 


101 


FILLING  SUBSTANCES. 


By  means  of  the  filling  substances  added  to  the  paper  pulp,  a 
smooth  surface  is  obtained  and  the  transparency  so  unpleasantly 
noticeable  about  thin  papers,  is  reduced.  The  filling  substances 
further  serve  in  the  case  of  inferior  qualities  of  paper  for  raising  the 
ground  shade  and  also  for  loading. 

As  a rule,  the  filling  substances  have  little  or  no  effect  on  the 
dyeing  itself.  The  only  point  to  be  borne  in  mind  is  that  owing  to  the 
filling  material  itself  absorbing  dyestuff  and  a certain  portion  of  it 
being  invariably  lost,  rather  more  dyestuff  is  required  than  in  dyeing 
non-loaded  paper. 

The  use  Of  fixing  mediums  customary  for  strongly  loaded  paper 
(for  instance,  starch)  is  a great  advantage  also  for  heavily  weighted 
coloured  papers. 

Filling  agents,  as  pure  and  white  as  possible,  are  used. 

The  products  coming  most  frequently  into  consideration  are 
silicates  of  alumina  (china  clay,  kaolin,  pipe  clay)  ; barytes  or  heavy- 
spar  (blanc  fixe)  is  seldom  used,  because  on  account  of  its  considerable 
specific  gravitv,  it  is  difficult  to  prevent  it  from  settling,  which  is 
apt  to  take  place  even  before  it  can  be  mixed  thoroughly  with  the 
paper  pulp.  Only  by  previously  boiling  it  up  with  one-half  to  equal 
its  quantity  of  starch  it  is  possible  to  use  barytes  to  the  fullest 
extent. 

Gypsum  (annaline,  plaster)  is  also  used  very  little  as  a filling 
substance,  because  it  is  for  the  greater  part  dissolved  by  the  water 
used  in  the  manufacture  and  is  lost  as  a consequence.  As  a filling 
material  it  comes  into  consideration  only  when  the  water  is  already 
strongly  calcareous  and  requires  but  a small  amount  of  gypsum  to 
saturate  it  completely. 

Talcum  (steatite)  attaches  itself  easily  to  the  paper  fibre  and 
imparts  to  the  paper  a soft,  velvety  feel  and  fatty  gloss.  It  is  used 
principally  for  loading  copper-plate  printing  paper. 

The  filling  substances  are  best  added  to  the  pulp  after  commen- 
cing the  dyeing.  Tf  added  before  the  dyeing,  they  partially  interfere 
with  the  absorption  of  the  dyestuffs  by  the  fibre.  The  filling  substances 
likewise  absorb  dyestuff,  and  as  a portion  of  the  filling  substance  is 
always  lost  with  the  waste  waters,  part  of  the  dyestuff  is  lost  along 
with  it.  Only  in  the  case  of  very  pale  shades  dyed  with  Basic  Colours 
it  is  an  advantage  to  add  the  filling  substance  beforehand,  by  which 
means  the  mottling  is  prevented  and  more  level  dyeings  are  obtained. 

In  the  case  of  deep  shades,  more  particularly  deep  browns, 
mineral  colours  (ochre)  are  used  for  loading. 


— 102  - 


BEATING. 


The  depth  of  shade  is  very  much  dependent  upon  the  beating  of 
the  pulp.  Greasy  pulp  always  has  a deeper-coloured  appearance  than 
short  pulp.  The  fact  that  the  material  is  more  vigorously  agitated  on 
being  entered  is  conducive  to  an  easier  absorption  of  the  dyestuffs,  and 
furthermore  the  longer  duration  of  the  treatment  of  the  pulp  acts 
favourably  on  the  dyeing  of  the  material.  In  the  case  of  greasy  pulp, 
the  surface  of  the  paper  will  always  appear  deeper  than  the  interior 
of  the  sheet,  and  it  is  advisable  therefore,  in  dyeing  to  shade,  to  consider 
in  matching  also  the  interior  of  the  paper. 


GLAZING. 

The  condensation  of  the  sheet  resulting  from  the  glazing  also 
imparts  a fuller  appearance  to  the  dyeing;  the  depth  of  shade  at  the 
same  time  is  dependent  on  the  pressure  exercised  by  the  machine  used 
for  glazing  as  well  as  on  the  degree  of  moisture  of  the  paper. 


SIZING. 


The  sizing  of  the  paper,  and  more  particularly  the  resin-sizing, 
is  of  particular  importance  for  the  dyeing,  because  the  size  serves  as 
a fixing  agent  for  the  majority  of  dyestuffs. 

As  a rule,  an  excess  of  sulphate  of  alumina  is  used  in  paper 
making.  In  some  cases,  however  (as  specially  indicated  in  each  case 
against  the  respective  dyeing  instructions),  it  is  necessary  to  limit  any 
excess  of  this  kind  as  much  as  possible. 

Special  precautions  should  be  taken  when  the  sulphate  of 
alumina  contains  any  free  acid  or  when  it  is  customary  to  add  a little 
sulphuric  acid  to  the  solution  of  sulphate  of  alumina. 


103 


MILL- WATER. 


The  condition  of  the  water  is  of  material  importance  in  paper 
dyeing  just  as  it  is  in  the  manufacture. 

So-called,  mechanical  impurities,  particularly  suspended  matter 
which  cause  spots  in  the  paper  itself,  do  not  as  a rule  have  any  unsatis- 
factory results  in  respect  to  the  dyestuffs,  but  it  is  advisable,  in  order 
to  gain  the  greatest  purity  in  the  manufacture,  to  prevent  them  from 
getting  in  by  suitable  filtering  arrangements. 

Chemical  impurities  are  mostly  not  without  their  influence  on 
the  dyeing,  particularly  if  they  are  present  to  any  large  amount.  As  the 
materials  are  in  the  water  in  a state  of  solution,  they  are  of  course 
more  difficult  to  eliminate. 

Lime,  magnesia  and  iron  salts  are  the  principal  impurities  to 
come  into  consideration. 

Lime  and  magnesia  usually  exercise  a disturbing  influence  in 
the  dissolving  of  the  dyestuff  only,  on  w'hich  account  it  is  best  to 
dissolve  the  dyestuffs  in  condensed  instead  of  ordinary  water,  or,  if 
necessary,  to  correct  the  water  by  means  of  the  ingredients  indicated 
for  dissolving  the  various  groups  of  dyestuffs.  Iron  has  a deleterious 
effect  in  the  case  of  very  light  shades,  the  paper  assuming  a brownish 
tone  and  thus  dulling  the  purity  of  the  dyed  shade;  in  the  case  of 
deeper  shades,  the  effect  of  the  iron  is  not  usually  of  any  importance. 


104 


ALUM. 


Commercial  alum  is  sold  either  as  potash  alum  or  ammonia 
alum,  which  show  hardly  any  practical  difference  in  their  properties. 

100  parts  of  water  dissolve  at: 


50° 

O 

GO 

ZD 

e 

ZD 

00 

104° 

158° 

212° 

F. 

9.5 

15.1 

22.0 

30.9 

90.7 

357.5 

parts  potash  alum 

9.1 

13.6 

19.3 

27.3 

72.0 

421.9 

parts  ammonia  alum 

Alum  is  replaced  to  a considerable  extent  by  aluminium  sulphate 
which  owing  to  its  higher  concentration  has  more  effect. 


ALUMINIUM  SULPHATE  OE  SULPHATE  OF  ALUMINA. 

Aluminium  sulphate  has  the  same  properties  as  alum,  being 
distinguished  from  same  in  that  it  contains  more  alumina  and  dissolves 
very  easily  in  water.  It  is  marketed  also  under  the  denomination  of 
concentrated  alum. 

Special  care  should  be  taken  that  it  be  as  free  from  iron  and 
from  acid  as  possible. 

100  parts  of  sulphate  of  alumina  are  equivalent  to  approximately 
140 — 150  parts  alum. 


ALUMINIUM  ACETATE  OH  ACETATE  OF  ALUMINA. 


This  is  used  mostly  in  form  of  an  aqueous  solution,  prepared  by 
dissolving  aluminium  hydrate  in  acetic  acid  or  by  mixing  sulphate  of 
alumina  with  acetate  of  lead  (sugar  of  lead)  or  calcium  acetate.  For 
100  lbs  of  aluminium  sulphate,  171  lbs  sugar  of  lead  are  used  ; the  two 
solutions  are  mixed,  and  after  the  precipitate  has  settled,  the  clear 
solution  is  drawn  off  for  use.  In  order  to  free  the  solution  com- 
pletely from  lead,  a small  quantity  of  Glauber’s  salt  in  solution  may 
be  added  subsequently. 


105 


7* 


SULPHURIC  ACID. 


Sulphuric  acid  is  a thick,  oily,  colourless  liquid. 

For  dyeing,  the  ordinary  commercial  sulphuric  acid,  so-called 
oil  of  vitriol  or  D.  0.  Y.  is  used  commonly,  which  should  contain 
93 — 98%  pure  sulphuric  acid. 

Sulphuric  acid  absorbs  water  from  the  air  with  great  avidity, 
and  should  therefore  be  kept  in  closed  vessels.  On  mixing  with  water 
it  evolves  great  heat.  In  order  to  avoid  dangerous  boiling  up  and 
spattering,  sulphuric  acid  should  always  be  diluted  by  being  poured 
in  a thin  jet  into  a large  quantity  of  cold  water,  stirring  well  all 
the  time. 

Sulphuric  acid  serves  as  an  addition  to  the  bleaching  liquor  and 
in  some  cases  in  sizing  as  an  addition  to  the  sulphate  of  alumina,  and 
further  as  an  addition  when  dyeing  certain  blue  Acid  Colours. 


Specific  Gravity  at  15"  C.  (59"  F.)  (Lunge  and  Isler). 


Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
sulphuric 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
sulphuric 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
sulphuric 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
sulphuric 
acid 

2 

1.57 

48 

32.28 

94 

56.90 

140 

77.17 

4 

3.03 

50 

33.43 

96 

57.83 

142 

78.04 

6 

4.49 

52 

34.57 

98 

58.74 

144 

78.92 

8 

5.96 

54 

35.71 

100 

59.70 

146 

79.80 

10 

7.37 

56 

36.87 

102 

60.65 

148 

80.68 

12 

8.77 

58 

38.03 

104 

61.59 

150 

81.56 

14 

10.19 

60 

39.19 

106 

62.53 

152 

82.44 

16 

11.60 

62 

40.35 

108 

63.43 

154 

83.32 

18 

12.99 

64 

41.50 

110 

64.26 

156 

84.50 

20 

14.35 

66 

42.66 

112 

65.08 

158 

85.70 

22 

15.71 

68 

43.74 

114 

65.90 

160 

86.90 

24 

17.01 

70 

44.82 

116 

66.71 

162 

88.30 

26 

18.31 

72 

45.88 

118 

67.59 

164 

90.05 

28 

19.61 

74 

46.94 

120 

68.51 

165 

91.00 

30 

20.91 

76 

48.00 

122 

69.43 

166 

92.10 

32 

22.19 

78 

49.06 

124 

70.32 

167 

93.43 

34 

23.47 

80 

50.11 

126 

71.16 

168 

95.60 

36 

24.76 

82 

51.15 

128 

71.99 

168.3* 

97.70 

38 

26.04 

84 

52.15 

130 

72.82 

168.1* 

98.70 

40 

27.32 

86 

53.11 

132 

73.64 

168* 

99.20 

42 

28.58 

88 

54.07 

134 

74.51 

167.7* 

99.95 

44 

29.84 

90 

55.03 

136 

75.42 

46 

31.11 

92 

55.97 

138 

76.30 

acid  is  a 

Sulphurio  acid  of  97,70  °/o  has  the 
little  lower. 

highest  epecifio  gravity, 

whilst  that  of  stronger 

106 


ACETIC  ACID. 


The  pure  concentrated  acetic  acid  solidifies  at  ordinary  temper- 
ature, forming  crystals  of  ice-like  appearance,  and  is  therefore 
called  glacial  acetic  acid.  Owing  to  the  high  price  of  the  latter, 
commercial  acetic  acid  is  used  almost  exclusively  for  industrial  pur- 
poses; it  is  a colourless  liquid  usually  containing  30 — 50%  pure 
acetic  acid. 

In  paper  dyeing,  acetic  acid  is  used  principally  for  correcting 
calcareous  water  in  dissolving  Basic  Colours. 

Although  the  hydrometer  is  not  satisfactory  for  an  exact  deter- 
mination of  the  strength  of  acetic  acid,  it  is  nevertheless  frequently 
employed  for  estimating  its  strength. 


Specific  Gravity  at  15°  C.  (59°  F.)  ( Oudemans) . 


Per  oent 
acetic 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
acetic 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
acotic 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
acetic 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Per  cent 
acetic 
acid 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

5 

1.3 

25 

7.0 

45 

11.4 

65 

14.3 

85 

14.8 

10 

2.8 

30 

8.2 

50 

12  3 

70 

14.7 

90 

14.3 

15 

4.3 

35 

9.4 

55 

13.1 

75 

14.9 

95 

13.2 

20 

5.7 

40 

10.5 

60 

13.7 

80 

15.0 

100 

11.1 

The  specific  gravities  above  11°  Tw.  correspond  to  two  liquids 
of  different  strengths.  To  ascertain  whether  the  acid  contains  more 
than  77%  pure  acetic  acid  or  less,  a small  quantity  of  water  should  be 
added  after  measuring;  if,  on  again  measuring,  a higher  specific 
gravity  is  found,  the  acid  contains  more  than  77%,  otherwise  less. 


SODA  OB  SODA  ASH,  SODIUM  CARBONATE  OR 
CARBONATE  OF  SODA. 

Soda  is  usually  sold  as  a white  powder  (soda  ash,  Solvay  or 
ammonia  soda)  or  in  the  shape  of  crystals  (soda  crystals,  crystal 
carbonate) . 

Soda  crystals  is  crystallised  soda  containing  about  63%  water 
of  crystallisation  and  small  amounts  of  Glauber’s  salt.  It  mostly 
contains  about  36%  pure  sodium  carbonate. 

Crystal  carbonate  is  also  pure  crystallised  soda,  containing  how- 
ever 18%  water  of  crystallisation  only. 


107 


Soda  ash  is  marketed  in  various  degrees  of  strength,  calculated 
on  the  supposed  percentages  of  sodium  oxide.  The  good  qualities  of 
soda  ash  contain  95  — 99%  pure  sodium  carbonate,  Solvay  or  ammonia 
soda  98 — 99%  as  a rule. 

100  parts  of  good  soda  ash  are  approximately  equivalent  to 
270  parts  soda  crystals. 

Soda  is  stable  on  exposure  to  air;  soda  ash  is  apt  to  form  into 
hard  lumps  in  moist  air,  without  absorbing  any  appreciable  quantities 
of  water. 

Soda  dissolves  most  copiously  in  water  of  32.5°  C.  (90°  F.). 

100  parts  *of  water  dissolve  the  following  quantities  of  pure 
sodium  carbonate  at: 

32 41  50  59  68  86  93  and  174  212°  F. 

7.1  9.5  12.0  16.5  21.4  38.1  59  40.2  45.1  parts  soda. 

The  application  of  soda  in  the  paper  industry  is  very  mani- 
fold; it  is  used  chiefly  in  the  boiling  and  in  the  preparation  of  resin 
size.  It  is  besides  used  for  correcting  calcareous  water  and  for 
neutralising  the  pulp  of  such  dyeings  as  have  been  produced  with 
dyestuffs  sensitive  to  acids. 


GLAUBER'S  SALT,  SODIUM  SULPHATE  OR 
SULPHATE  OF  SODA. 

Glauber’s  salt  is  used  in  the  form  of  either  crystals  or  desiccated 
Glauber’s  salt.  The  latter  may  contain  an  excess  of  sulphuric  acid, 
which  should  be  taken  into  due  consideration  when  using  dyestuffs 
sensitive  to  acids.  If  an  excess  of  acid  is  present,  moist  blue  litmus 
paper  is  reddened,  on  being  pressed  against  the  Glauber’s  salt.  The 
crystallised  salt  is  generally  of  a fairly  pure  quality  and  contains  44.1% 
anhydrous  salt  and  55.9%  water;  it  effloresces  in  the  air  and  is  easily 
soluble  in  water.  100  parts  of  desiccated  Glauber’s  salt  are  equivalent 
to  220  parts  of  Glauber’s  salt  crystals. 

100  parts  of  water  dissolve  at: 

32°  50°  59°  68°  77°  80°  91K>°  104°  217  K>°  F. 

5 9 13  19  28  40  50  49  42.6  parts  of 

desiccated  Glauber’s  salt. 

Glauber’s  salt  serves  as  an  assistant  towards  effecting  best  possible 
exhaustion  of  the  dyestuff  when  using  Diamine  Colours. 


— 108  - 


COMMON  SALT,  SODIUM  CHLORIDE  (BOCK  SALT) . 


Common  salt  crystallises  without  water  of  crystallisation.  The 
commercial  product  usually  contains  however  some  moisture  and 
frequently  also  some  sodium  sulphate,  calcium  sulphate,  or  magnesium 
chloride.  Its  solubility  is  nearly  the  same  at  any  temperature,  and 
varies  only  between  35.5  parts  common  salt  at  0°  C.  (32°  F.)  up  to 
39.2  parts  at  100°  C.  (212°  F.)  in  100  parts  water. 

Common  salt  is  used  in  paper  dyeing  for  the  same  purposes  as 
Glauber’s  salt. 


SODIUM  ACETATE  OR  ACETATE  OF  SODA. 

This  salt  forms  crystals  very  readily  soluble  in  water,  it  serves 
for  neutralising  free  mineral  acids,  for  instance  in  the  production  of 
Paranitraniline  Eed,  forming  their  salts  and  liberating  free  acetic  acid. 


SODIUM  NITRITE  OR  NITRITE  OF  SODA.  NITRITE. 


Sodium  nitrite  forms  small  crystals  easily  soluble  in  water 
containing  as  a rule.  95 — 98%  nitrite.  It  serves  for  diazotising 
Paranitraniline  by  the  liberation  of  nitrous  acid  on  addition  of  mineral 
acids  such  as  hydrochloric  ot  sulphuric  acid. 


COPPER  SULPHATE,  CUPRIC  SULPHATE,  OR 
SULPHATE  OF  COPPER,  BLUE  VITRIOL.  BLUESTONE. 


Copper  sulphate  forms  blue  transparent  crystals  fairly  soluble 
in  water. 

100  parts  water  dissolve  at 
50°  68°  86°  122°  158°  194°  212°  F. 

37  42  49  66  95  156  203  parts  bluestone. 

Copper  sulphate  is  used  in  paper  dyeing  mainly  as  an  addition 
in  the  dyeing  of  certain  of  the  Diamine  Colours  in  order  to  improve 
their  fastness  to  light;  it  serves  besides  as  a mordant  and  fixing  agent 
for  logwood. 


COPPERAS  OR  GREEN  VITRIOL.  FERROUS  SULPHATE. 


Copperas  forms  bluish  green  crystals  which  effloresce  readily  on 
exposure  to  the  air  and  turn  brownish.  It  dissolves  very  easily  in  water. 
The  solution  oxidises  quickly  on  exposure  to  the  air  with  separation 
of  brown  ferric  hydroxide. 

Copperas  is  used  as  a mordant  and  fixing  agent  for  wood 
dyestuffs  and  tannins. 


LEAD  ACETATE  OR  ACETATE  OF  LEAD.  SUGAR  OF  LEAD. 

White  crystals  soluble  in  double  their  weight  of  cold  water.  Like 
all  lead  combinations,  it  is  poisonous. 

Sugar  of  lead  is  used  principally  for  producing  acetate  of 
alumina,  and  further  also  for  the  production  of  Chrome  Yellow. 


NITRATE  OF  LEAD. 

White  lumps  soluble  in  double  their  weight  of  cold  water.  Used 
for  the  same  purposes  as  sugar  of  lead,  and  likewise  poisonous. 


BARIUM  CHLORIDE. 


Colourless  crystals  dissolving  in  about  three  times  their  weight 
of  cold  water  and  somewhat  more  copiously  in  hot  water.  Barium 
chloride  is  poisonous. 

It  is  used  for  precipitating  a number  of  Acid  Colours. 


TARTAR  EMETIC. 


Tartar  emetic,  the  double  tartrate  of  antimony  and  potassium, 
is  a crystalline  salt  not  very  soluble  in  cold  water,  but  more  so  in 
hot  water. 

One  part  of  tartar  emetic  requires  for  dissolving  at: 

47"  70°  88°  122°  167°  F. 

19  12.6  8.2  5.5  3.2  parts  of  water. 

The  active  substance  in  tartar  emetic  is  the  antimony  oxide, 
43.4%  of  which  are  contained  in  the  pure  salt.  The  product  as  sold 


consists  of  fine  crystals  or  of  irregularly  shaped  pieces  containing 
about  43%  of  antimony  oxide. 

Tartar  emetic  like  all  other  antimony  salts  is  poisonous. 

Tartar  emetic  is  used  for  fixing  the  tannic  acid  in  connection 
with  the  production  of  dyeings  fast  to  water  with  Basic  Colours. 

Various  cheaper  antimony  salts  may  be  used  as  substitutes  for 
tartar  emetic,  and  have  the  same  effect. 


BLEACHING  POWDER  OR  CHLORIDE  OF  LIME. 
CALCIUM  HYPOCHLORITE. 


Chloride  of  lime  is  a white  powder  smelling  of  chlorine,  which 
becomes  moist  on  exposure  to  air,  absorbs  carbon  dioxide,  forming 
then  a doughy  and  greasy  mass.  It  decomposes  gradually  when  stored 
for  some  length  of  time,  and  thereby  loses  in  strength. 

Chloride  of  lime  is  used  for  bleaching  the  raw  materials  (more 
particularly  wood  fibre  and  rags). 


TANNIC  ACID  (TANNIN). 

Tannic  or  gallotannic  acid  is  marketed  in  form  of  a light- 
coloured  powder  or  of  yellowish  to  buff-coloured  scales,  or  again,  as 
a brittle,  glassy  or  levigated  mass.  On  exposure  to  the  air,  tannic  acid 
assumes  a darker  appearance.  It  dissolves  in  six  times  its  weight  of 
cold  water  and  still  more  readily  in  hot  water.  The  aqueous  solution 
decomposes  gradually  on  standing. 

In  paper  manufacture,  tannic  acid  is  used  principally  for  Basic 
Colours  as  a mordant,  because  it  forms  insoluble  compounds  with 
metallic  oxides  and  dyestuffs. 


SUMAC. 


The  commercial  article  consists  usually  of  the  whole  plant  leaves 
or  the  broken  foliage,  or  again  of  the  leaves  in  a powdered  state.  Good 
qualities  have  an  olive-green  colour  and  a fresh,  pleasant  smell;  they 
contain  15 — 20%,  and  sometimes  over  25%,  tannic  acid.  Sumacs 
which  are  dull  in  colour  and  have  a musty  smell  have  become  deterior- 
ated by  moisture  and  prolonged  storing. 


Ill 


Sumac  extract  is  sold  as  a thick,  dark  brown  liquid  of  about 
52°  Tw.,  or  in  a solid  state.  Liquid  sumac  is  rather  apt  to  ferment, 
losing  thereby  in  strength. 

Sumac  serves  the  same  purpose  as  tannic  acid.  It  is  cheaper, 
but  the  shades  obtained  are  not  quite  so  bright  as  when  using 
tannic  acid. 


GREEN  EARTH. 


Green  earth  is  a clay,  the  green  appearance  of  which  is  due  to 
ferrous  oxide  contained  therein  and  which  has  the  property  of  fixing 
Basic  Dyestuffs  fast  to  lime.  It  is  particularly  of  importance  for  the 
production  of  greens  fast  to  lime.  (Page  95). 


— 112 


HYDROMETER  AND  THERMOMETER  TABLES. 


COMPARISON  OF  HYDROMETER  DEGREES  TWADDLE  AND  BAUME 
WITH  THE  SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  FOR  LIQUIDS  HEAVIER 
THAN  WATER. 


Degrees 

Twaddle 

Degrees 

Baume 

Speo. 

Gravity 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Degrees 

Baume 

Spec. 

Gravity 

Degrees 

Twaddle 

Degrees 

Baume 

Spec. 

Gravity 

l 

0.7 

1.005 

58 

32.4 

1.290 

116 

53.0 

1.580 

2 

1.4 

1.010 

60 

33.3 

1.300 

118 

53.6 

1.590 

4 

2.7 

1.020 

62 

34.2 

1.310 

120 

54.1 

1.600 

6 

4.1 

1.030 

64 

35.0 

1.320 

122 

54.7 

1.610 

8 

5.4 

1.040 

66 

35.8 

1.330 

124 

55.2 

1.620 

10 

6.7 

1.050 

68 

36.6 

1.340 

126 

55.8 

1.630 

12 

8.0 

1.060 

70 

37.4 

1.350 

128 

56.3 

1.640 

14 

9.4 

1.070 

72 

38.2 

1.360 

130 

56.9 

1.650 

16 

10.6 

1.080 

74 

39.0 

1.370 

132 

57.4 

1.660 

18 

11.9 

1.090 

76 

39.8 

1.380 

134 

57.9 

1.670 

20 

13.0 

1.100 

78 

40.5 

1.390 

136 

58.4 

1.680 

22 

14.2 

1.110 

80 

41.2 

1.400 

138 

58.9 

1.690 

24 

15.4 

1.120 

82 

42.0 

1.410 

140 

59.5 

1.700 

26 

16.5 

1.130 

84 

42.7 

1.420 

142 

59.9 

1.710 

28 

17.7 

1.140 

86 

43.4 

1.430 

144 

60.4 

1.720 

30 

18.8 

1.150 

88 

44.1 

1.440 

146 

60.9 

1.730 

32 

19.8 

1.160 

90 

44.8 

1.450 

148 

61.4 

1.740 

34 

20.9 

1.170 

92 

45.4 

1.460 

150 

61.8 

1.750 

36 

22.0 

1.180 

94 

46.1 

1.470 

152 

62.3 

1.760 

38 

23.0 

1.190 

96 

46.8 

1.480 

154 

62.8 

1.770 

40 

24.0 

1.200 

98 

47.4 

1.490 

156 

63.2 

1.780 

42 

25.0 

1.210 

100 

48.1 

1.500 

158 

63.7 

1.790 

44 

26.0 

1.220 

102 

48.7 

1.510 

160 

64.2 

1.800 

46 

26.9 

1.230 

104 

49.4 

1.520 

162 

64.6 

1.810 

48 

27.9 

1.240 

106 

50.0 

1.530 

164 

650 

1.820 

50 

28.8 

1.250 

108 

50.6 

1.540 

166 

65.5 

1.830 

52 

29.7 

1.260 

110 

51.2 

1.550 

168 

65.9 

1.840 

54 

30.6 

1.270 

112 

51.8 

1.560 

169 

66.1 

1.845 

56 

31.5 

1.280 

114 

52.4 

1.570 

170 

66.3 

1.850 

Note: 

The  degrees  in  Twaddle’s  hydrometer  bear  a direct  rela- 
tionship to  the  specific  gravity  and  may  be  obtained  from 
the  same  by  the  following  formula  in  which  d represents  the 
specific  gravity  and  n the  number  of  degrees  Twaddle: 

n = — . On  the  other  hand  by  the  lormula  d = - 100o  " 

the  degrees  Twaddle  are  converted  into  the  corresponding 
specific  gravity.  For  values  below  2.0,  the  degrees  Twaddle 


113 


8 


may  also  be  obtained  from  the  specific  gravity  bv  moving 
the  decimal  point  two  figures  to  the  right,  striking  off  the 
first  figure  and  multiplying  the  rest  by  2,  as  per  the  following 
example: 

Specific  gravity  1.133: 

113.3: 

13.3X2: 

26.6°  Twaddle. 


COMPARISON  OF  HYDROMETER  DEGREES  BAUME  W[TII  THE 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  LIQUIDS  LIGHTER  THAN  WATER. 


Degrees 

Baume 

Spec. 

Gravity 

Degrees 

Baume 

Spec. 

Gravity 

Degrees 

Baume 

Spec. 

Gravity 

Degrees 

Baume 

Speo. 

Gravity 

li 

0.993 

16 

0.960 

21 

0.930 

26 

0901 

12 

0.987 

17 

0.954 

22 

0.924 

27 

0.896 

13 

0.980 

18 

0.948 

23 

0.918 

28 

0.890 

14 

0.973 

19 

0.942 

24 

0.913 

29 

0.885 

15 

0.967 

20 

0.936 

25 

0.907 

30 

0.880 

114 


COMPARISON  OF  THE  THERMOMETER  TABLES  OF 
CELSIUS  (CENTIGRADES),  FAHRENHEIT  AND  REAUMUR. 


Degrees 

D egrees 

D egrees 

Celsius 

Fahrenheit 

Reaumur 

Celsius 

Fahrenheit 

Reaumur 

Celsius 

Fahrenheit 

Reaumur 

0 

32.0 

0.0 

34 

93.2 

27.2 

68 

154.4 

54.4 

1 

33.8 

0.8 

35 

95.0 

28.0 

69 

156.2 

55.2 

2 

35.6 

1.6 

36 

96.8 

28.8 

70 

158.0 

56.0 

3 

37.4 

2.4 

37 

98.6 

29.6 

71 

159.8 

56.8 

4 

39.2 

3.2 

38 

100.4 

30.4 

72 

161.6 

57.6 

5 

41.0 

4.0 

39 

102.2 

31.2 

73 

163.4 

58.4 

6 

42.8 

4.8 

40 

104.0 

32.0 

74 

165.2 

59.2 

7 

44.6 

5.6 

41 

105.8 

32.8 

75 

167.0 

60.0 

8 

46.4 

6.4 

42 

107.6 

33.6 

76 

168.8 

60.8 

9 

48.2 

7.2 

43 

109.4 

34.4 

77 

170.6 

61.6 

10 

50.0 

8.0 

44 

111.2 

35.2 

78 

172.4 

62.4 

11 

51.8 

8.8 

45 

113.0 

36.0 

79 

174.2 

63.2 

12 

53.6 

9.6 

46 

114.8 

36.8 

80 

176.0 

64.0 

13 

55.4 

10.4 

47 

116.6 

37.6 

81 

177.8 

64.8 

14 

57.2 

11.2 

48 

118.4 

38.4 

82 

179.6 

65.6 

15 

59.0 

12.0 

49 

120.2 

39.2 

83 

181.4 

66.4 

16 

60.8 

12.8 

50 

122.0 

40.0 

84 

183.2 

67.2 

17 

62.6 

13.6 

51 

123.8 

40.8 

85 

185.0 

68.0 

18 

64.4 

14.4 

52 

125.6 

41.6 

86 

186.8 

68.8 

19 

66.2 

15.2 

53 

127.4 

42.4 

87 

188.6 

69.6 

20 

68.0 

16.0 

54 

129.2 

43.2 

00 

00 

190.4 

70.4 

21 

69.8 

16.8 

55 

131.0 

44.0 

89 

192.2 

71.2 

22 

71.6 

17.6 

56 

132.8 

44.8 

90 

194.0 

72.0 

23 

73.4 

18.4 

57 

1346 

45.6 

91 

195.8 

72.8 

24 

75.2 

19.2 

58 

136.4 

46.4 

92 

197.6 

73.6 

25 

77.0 

20.0 

59 

138.2 

47.2 

93 

199.4 

74.4 

26 

78.8 

20.8 

60 

140.0 

48.0 

94 

201.2 

75.2 

27 

80.6 

21.6 

61 

141.8 

48.8 

95 

203.0 

76.0 

28 

82.4 

22.4 

62 

143.6 

49.6 

96 

204.8 

76.8 

29 

84.2 

23.2 

63 

145.4 

50.4 

97 

206.6 

77.6 

30 

86.0 

24.0 

64 

147.2 

51.2 

98 

208.4 

78.4 

31 

87.8 

24.8 

65 

149.0 

52.0 

99 

210.2 

79.2 

32 

89.6 

25.6 

66 

150.8 

52.8 

100 

212.0 

80.0 

33 

91.4 

26.4 

67 

152.6 

53.6 

115 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


I.  METRIC  SYSTEM. 

1 metre  (m)  = 10  decimetres  (dm)  = 100  centimetres  (cm)  = 1000 
millimetres  (mm) . 

1 litre  (1)  = 1000  cubic  centimetres  (cc  or  ccm).  1 cubic  metre 
(cbm)  = 1000  litres. 

1 gramme  (g  or  gr  or  grm)  = 10  decigrammes  (dg)  = 100  centi- 
grammes (eg)  = 1000  milligrammes  (mg). 

1 kilogramme  (kg  or  kilo)  = 1000  grammes. 

1000  kilogrammes  = 1 ton  (t)  i.  e.  metric  ton 
100  kilogrammes  = 1 metric  centner  or  quintal. 

50  kilogrammes  = 1 centner  (or  nearly  1 hundredweight). 

10  grammes  = 1 dekagramme  (deka  or  Dg).  100  grammes  = 1 hekto- 
gramme  (hg) . 

The  gramme  is  the  standard  unit  of  weight  of  the  metric  system 
and  is  equal  to  the  weight  of  1 cubic  centimetre  of  pure  water 
(measured  whilst  at  its  greatest  density,  in  vacuum  under  a latitude 
of  45  degrees,  at  sea  level).  Hence  the  following  relations  of  weights 
and  measures  are  obtained: 

1 cubic  centimetre  water  = 1 gramme. 

1 litre  ,,  =1  kilogramme. 

1 cubic  metre  ,,  = ton. 

II.  ENGLISH  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

1 yard  (yd)  = 3 feet.  1 foot  (')  = 12  inches  (")•  1 inch  =12 

lines  ('"). 

] yard  = 91.44  centimetres.  1 foot  = 30.48  centimetres.  1 inch 
= 2.54  centimetres. 

1 metre  = 1.094  yard  = 3.281  feet  = 39.37  inches. 

1 Imperial  gallon  (gall.)  = 4 quarts  (qts)  = 8 pints  (pts)  = 32  gills. 
1 Imperial  gallon  = 4.544  litres.  1 litre  = 0.220  Imperial  gallon. 
1 pint  = 0.568  litres.  1 litre  = 1.76  pints. 

In  Great  Britain  by  the  term  gallon  (gall.)  the  Imperial  gallon  is 
meant,  whilst  in  the  United  States  of  America  the  considerably 
smaller  apothecary’s  or  wine  gallon  is  usually  understood  by  this 
term.  In  Great  Britain  the  ton  or  gross  ton  of  2240  lbs  is  also  exclusi- 
vely in  use,  whilst  in  the  United  States  the  term  “ton”  may  refer  either 
to  the  gross  ton  of  2240  lbs  or  the  short  ton  of  2000  lbs  avoirdupois. 
The  weights  and  measures  used  in  this  book  always  refer  to  the 
Imperial  gallon,  and  to  the  gross  ton  of  2240  lhs. 


116 


1 wine  gallon  =4  quarts  = 8 pints. 

1 wine  gallon  = 3.785  litres.  1 litre  — 0.264  wine  gallon. 

1 pint  (apothecary’s  measure)  = 0.473  litre.  1 litre  = 2.114  pints 
(apothecary’s  measure). 

1 Imperial  gallon  = 1,2  wine  gallon.  1 wine  gallon  = 0.835 
Imperial  gallon. 

1 pound  avoirdupois  (lb)  = 16  ounces  (oz)  = 256  drachms  (drm). 

1 pound  avoirdupois  = 7000  Troy  grains  (gr). 

1 ton  (gross  ton)  = 20  hundredweights  (cwt)  = 2240  lbs. 

1 hundredweight  = 4 quarters  (28  lhs  each)  = 112  lbs. 

1 ton  = 1016  kilogrammes.  1 pound  avoirdupois  = 453.593 
grammes. 

1 ounce  = 28.349  grammes.  1 Troy  grain  = 0.065  gramme. 

1 kilogramme  = 2.205  lbs  avoirdupois.  1 gramme  = 15.434  Troy 
grains. 

1 Imperial  gallon  holds  10  pounds  avoirdupois  or  70  000  grains  water 
(measured  at  62°  F.  under  a barometric  pressure  of  30  inches). 

1 wine  gallon  holds  only  8.35  lbs  water. 


III.  RUSSIAN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

1 sagcn  = 3 arshin  = 7 feet. 

1 foot  = 12  inches.  1 arshin  =16  vershock. 

1 foot  = 30.48  centimetres.  1 inch  = 2.54  centimetres.  1 Russian 
foot  or  inch  equal  to  1 English  foot  or  inch  respectively. 

1 arshin  = 71.12  centimetres.  1 vershock  = 4.45  centimetres. 

1 metre  = 3.28  feet  = 39.37  inches  = 1 .41  arshin  = 22.50  vershock. 

1 vedro  = 8 stof  = 12  quart  = 30  krushki. 

1 vedro  = 12.30  litres.  1 stof  = 1.54  litre.  1 quart  = 1.02  litre. 

1 litre  = 0.0813  vedro  = 0.9756  quart. 

1 pood  = 40  pound  (Russian).  1 pound  = 32  lot  = 96  solotnik. 

1 pood  = 16.38  kilogrammes.  1 kilogramme  = 0.06  pood. 

1 pound  (Russian)  = 409.51  grammes.  1 lot  = 12.48  grammes. 

1 solotnik  = 4.16  grammes. 

1 kilogramme  = 2.44  pounds  (Russian). 

In  Russian  Poland  the  following  weights  and  measures  are  used : 

1 ell  = 2 feet  = 0.81  arshin  = 12.96  vershock. 

1 foot  = 12  inches  = 0.945  Russian  foot  = 11.34  Russian  inches. 
1 ell  = 57.6  centimetres.  1 foot  = 28.8  centimetres. 

1 pound  = 32  lots  = 0.99  Russian  pound  = 405.50  grammes. 

1 centner  = 4 stone  = 100  pounds  = 2.476  pud. 


117 


Without  guarantee. 


951 


I 


